Introduction - Comparing Anthropometric and BIA Measurements
Anthropometry is a useful measurement that is primarily used for analysing the nutritional status of athletes, hospitals and famine areas. As opined by Mendes et al. (2019), several studies investigated the body composition of men and women which stated that both genders have different skeletal muscle masses. Therefore, this, measurement technique allows for investigating the mass composition among newborn babies, and adults obese and the analysis of the patient's loss of weight due to clinical illness. For example, an investigation has been done on cancer patients to determine the presence of nutrition risk which reveal that early intervention in the context of nutritional status helps in increasing the patient quality of life. Lazarus' theory helps in developing psychological stress which is linked with endangering hits. Body mass fat in marathon runners is critically significant to develop high performance during the Olympics. According to Jain and Choudhary et al. (2020), using the bio impedance measurement method allow for measuring the body fat percentage. Henceforth, a study examining determining the relationship between skin fold thickness and the bio impedance analysis in 134 men reveals that body fat has a link with age and that recreational runners have more impact on the BIA in eliciting the body fiat value than Skin fold thickness in men. The method used to determine the body fat using anthropometric measurements of the percentage of body fat among men and women using different measuring methods by performing a statistical data interpretation through multiple regression analysis.
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This study aims to derive the body fat mass for estimating the body composition using statistical tools to measure the different techniques against skin fold measurements. The significance of this study is to estimate the non-invasive method in determining body composition against skin fold measurement. This practical investigation has intended to test the three hypotheses as follows.
Hypothesis 1: “A high mid-upper arm circumference and mid-upper arm muscle circumference are not associated with a high grip-strength”
Hypothesis 2: “Body fat measured by skin fold and by bioelectric impedance methods are not different”
Hypothesis 3: “BMI calculated from knee height, ulna length or demi-span is a poor proxy for BMI calculated from height”
Method
Design
The study was designed in a pattern to determine the use of the electronic measurement device with the skin fold thickness measurement. To determine the strength of the grip of the men and women with the upper circumstances that correlate with muscle mass and upper muscle mass. The calculation of BMI from height has been calculated using statistical measurements.
Sample
329 MSc students have been taken for this investigation
Materials
Materials used in this study include BIA and the skin fold thickness measurement for measuring skin fold thickness, hand grip strength, mid-upper arm circumference, at different sites of measurement and height
Procedure
A study conducted in the university room has been further divided into 3 areas for data collection, findings and interpretation. The MSc. students participating are asked to wait in the waiting area. Each group member has been allocated an equal division of the students. Skin fold thickness measurements of subcutaneous body fat have been measured using a device. The accurate measurement of the height from knee, demi span and Ulna length has been used evaluate the BMI from the height. Mid-upper-arm circumference measurements in addition to upper-arm length have been measured to develop the correlation with high grip strength. The analysis of the body fat in Kg with bioelectric impedance and skin fold thickness. Each team has duplicate measurements which have been replaced with an average inputted. Data was entered into the preformed into excel for statistical analysis.
Data analysis using mathematical variability using statistical tools has been done. The SPSS method has been used to draft the correlation and the regression between grip strength and upper arm circumference. It has an extensive range which statistical tests in the data analysis in which the data has been plotted into the excel sheet. T-test has been performed to develop a rigorous comparison of the measuring instrument.
Result
Findings of Hypothesis 1
The relationship between the strength of grip-strength is an independent variable with the upper arm circumference which includes upper arm mass and muscle mass. A correlation and regression help in quantifying the linear relationship strength with the variable of the pair whereas regression helps in the equation. The result from statistical findings reveals that the dependent variable has a mean square of 24.1896 with the predictor upper arm mass of 5.848 and muscle mass of 0.242. This signifies that the upper arm is linked with the grip strength as related to the muscle mass which is insignificant. The ANOVA reflect a significant value of 24.186 in the linear regression with r square 0.141.
Findings of Hypothesis 2
Measuring the skin fold thickness among the athletes has evident in having less influence as compared to the bioelectric impedance. Therefore the analysis using the t-test has been preformed which helps in comparing the mean data of the two variables or samples. Henceforth, the findings depict that the lean body mass in skin fold measurements with a mean of 44.84 with a standard deviation of 9.75 in Kg and lean body mass in BIA measurements with a mean of 38.25 with a standard deviation of 13.52 in Kg. On the sample, the t-test reveals the test value is zero at the 95% confidence interval.
Findings of Hypothesis 3
The t-test of the variables reveals that 3.681 in the demi tip, 3.695 in the demi web, 3.92 in the knee height and 51.567 in the ulna length. In 2 tail significance of 95% confidence interval in the mean of the demi tip is 2.20 with a standard deviation of 10.781, 1.99 in the demi web with a standard deviation of 9.7, 1.48 in the knee height with a standard deviation of 6.8 and 23.08 in the ulna length with a standard deviation of 7.4.
Discussion
Anthropometric parameters allow for indicating the grip strength in young adults. As referred by Agrawal and Nande (2020), hand rehabilitation in the psychological variable has been evidently affected by gender, age, and body size. The result from statistical findings reveals that the dependent variable has a mean square of 24.1896 with the predictor upper arm mass of 5.848 and muscle mass of 0.242. This signifies that the upper arm is linked with the grip strength as related to the muscle mass which is insignificant. The ANOVA reflect a significant value of 24.186 in the linear regression with r square 0.141. Therefore, from this, it is analysed that a significant positive correlation has been between grip strength and mid-upper arm muscle circumference. Therefore, hypothesis 1 has a result negative as mid-upper arm muscle circumference has associated with grip strength.
Bio impedance analysis is an electronic device which is used to measure the body mass fat percentage. As mentioned by Ranasinghe et al. (2021), the measurement with the skin fold thickness is a traditional method to calculate body fat using the small mass of the body. The findings depict the lean body mass in skin fold measurements with a mean of 44.84 with a standard deviation of 9.75 in Kg and lean body mass in BIA measurements with a mean of 38.25 with a standard deviation of 13.52 in Kg. On the sample, the t-test reveals the test value is zero at the 95% confidence interval. Therefore, it is analysed that skin fold thickness has been extensively used for calculating body fat mass. Hence, hypothesis 2 resulted negatively in rigorously comparing the BIA measurements and skin fold thickness measurements. As proclaimed by Milanese et al. (2021),
The outcome reflects 3.681 in the demi tip, 3.695 in the demi web, 3.92 in the knee height and 51.567 in the ulna length. In 2 tail significance of 95% confidence interval in the mean of the demi tip is 2.20 with a standard deviation of 10.781, 1.99 in the demi web with a standard deviation of 9.7, 1.48 in the knee height with a standard deviation of 6.8 and 23.08 in the ulna length with a standard deviation of 7.4. Henceforth, from this analysis, it is determined that semi-span has been significantly correlated with the BMI calculated from the height, with less significance with knee height and ulna length. Therefore, hypothesis 3 resulted negatively on BMI calculated for knee height, ulna length or demi-span is a poor proxy for BMI calculated from height.
Reference list
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