Introduction - Cancer Immunology Assignment Sample
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Over the past 25 years, crucial ideas and practical proceed in immunology have conducted to a new interpretation of cellular and molecular interchange between the immune system and tumor. This analysis is distributed with relevant new ideas in antitumor immunity and the application to immunotherapy.
According to the author named Olivera J. Finn, in the medical science cancer immune system bring unprecedented change in cancer research by “Ruth and John Grahams” who discover the first-ever vaccine. Then many patients were involved in this research and the outcome was stable. After that come T cells and scientists notice their big role in cancer immunology. After passing six-year a cell was discovered named dendritic cell. Another side a treatment bone marrow transplant treatment which is used still in today’s time and the treatment used for hematological cancers. The first trials were mainly on the mice. Finally when a single cell antigen was based by the first vaccine which is available in form of the “hepatitis B vaccine”, and the immunotherapy finally occurred.
According to previous researches by explain author Olivera J. Finn, through many articles, come to know about the cells’ characteristics because it is really needs to know about the cells diagnostic because every human cell and body microsystem is not the same. It is important to know about the immune system in specific cells structure and individual body immune systems. In the previous research, it is sure that every human body or any animal’s cells division is not working at the same speed, and the effect of the pathogen is also not the same. So now it is easy to reach out in this present research. So based on the previous researches, it could be highlighted that data and accurate information has been shared regarding the immune system for the different humans. There has been a proper gathering of the ideas for the tumor formations and thereby making a proper highlight on the changes that are occurring in different human bodies. These data are important for making proper recommendations on the immunology and immune system for the humans and thereby helping in the massive increase in the development in the fields of oncology massively.
According to the author named Olivera J. Finn this research has been considered to be the extension version for the previous researches. Based on the previous researches in the fields of the immunology for the cancer, there will be development of further vision on the protection of cancers. There will be proper elucidation of the vaccines that will help in suppressing the operations of the tumor cells at the very early stages.
According to the author named Olivera J. Finn tumor antigen is a type of antigenic material that is formed in the tumor cell. Tumor antigens help to identify tumor cells and it’s possible only for diagnostic tests. And many humans use cancer therapy. there are many articles as a key use for this research. Cancer immunology is a part of biology and medical science which is a role to improve the cancer cell and to protect to cancer development, all is called cancer immunology (Old, 2021). In 1957 “Burnet and Thomas” gave the cancer immuno surveillance theory. Here they said that lymphocytes work as soldiers to continuously grow cancer cells. They work as an important host of the protection procedure and can decrease cancer cells. The process of cancer immune editing immune surveillance is the first stage of the functions. The work of the immune system is to develop foreign and answer against the microorganism. The immune surveillance hypothesis predicate that malignant cells identified the immune system as an alien vendor. To improve and to make good quality, the immunity power of tumors this idea needs continuous study. However the examination to control this purpose with the situation of cancer has involved both intrinsic and characterized by immunity (Finn, 2018). A current study pasteurized some patients whom hearts are transplanted and lungs also transplanted or once or both have done for the result that immune suppression, that is used for stop scion dismissal. The immune method also affects the reproduction of cancer. It also needs to be segregated with a palliative supervision program strategy. There have been some similar observations here on tumor particles from patient who has cervical cancer, breast cancer. All the experiments conduct us the conclusion a rating of immune result and about the tumor should be contained in the predictive evaluation and based on the treatment decision.
The hypothetical statements that are considered for this research is as follows:
H0: The proper information about the tumor cells are less valuable in determining the vaccine categories and provide relevant immunotherapy (Olivera J. Finn)
H1: There has been suitable categorization of the cancer vaccines based on the immunosuppressive and immune stimulatory forces that are developed within a tumor microenvironment.
There are some questions about cancer research:
How can we know about patients that cause cancer shape treatment?
Can we decrease a different kind of cancer?
Why do we need to control about tumor microenvironment?
According to the author named Olivera J. Finn in the isolation tumor can not grow, they can grow in human body cells and blood, and stroma. The huge genetic change character is a numerous number of tumor antigens was built by the tumor. Tumor cells have mature mechanisms. The main cause of increasing cancer present on the carcinogenic cell presents on the human body that grows drastically as per human body (Borst et al., 2018). The main focus of cancer immunology is based on the different arguments about the validity of the various type of cancer theory which is provided by many other scientists. And various questions are based on tumor-specific antigens, here enormous effort to demonstrate such antigens which existence in cancer remains not to prevent. Mouse Leukemia, mouse sarcoma, and human malignant melanoma are the three type of tumor which has creat early attention and early expression by this tumor began to emerge. The main candidates for those antigens which are can be considerably tumor-specific are just a few examples of class 1 antigens and that’s are now serologically explained in mouse and human tumors. All of the antigens are displayed exsect imitation for particular tumors unlike any other is natural or malignant cell. The properties of class 1 which have biochemical and genetic character, assess the importance of these antigens (Ohue and Nishikawa, 2019). Antigens of the mouse supply have an amazing feature of the Thymus Leukemia, proper origination of the tumor antigens. In the normal mice there hose type of antigens are absent. Actually, cancer is a type of disease for which a person’s body cell can grow drastically and it scans starts any type of the human cell body. A can cell when developed its can a trillion numbers. The cell division process grows fastest as well.
Methods
According to the author named Olivera J. Finn the immune system of the body react to cancer and there is two way to respond way, that is,
Responses could be gathered through the recognition of the comparison within the antigens that are available within the tumors. These antigens will help in the proper identification of the cancer cells (Gallimore et al., 2019).
Against the antigens that are connected with the tumor. These are considered to be the molecules for the development of the differentiation within the regular and cancer cells.
Carcinogen makes tumors in mice executed in favor of the product of distinctive mutations of normal cellular genes. These tumor typical antigens are created by these mutant proteins. Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal-carcinoma cells defined the Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen ( EBNA-1) and carcinoma as the causative agent and the product of the E7 and E6 geans (Wculek et al., 2020). Whether or not tumors of unidentified reason — which story for most mortal tumors — indicate antigens that the immune system can determinate stayed in suspicion until the growth of techniques for seeing and separating them. The responses are generated from the different tumor cells through the formation of Monoclonal antibodies and thereby helping in making differentiation within the antigens within the human tumor.
According to the author named Olivera J. Finn focusing on the design for this research, it could be analyzed that the proper consideration of the information about the immunosuppressive and immune stimulatory forces are suitable for the proper formation of suggestions for positive hypothesis.
There has been a proper elaboration of the information about the reacted target, antigens and other indications that might be useful in the demonstration of the information about the therapies that will be implemented against cancer.
According to the author named Olivera J. Finn tumor distinctive antigen is mouse monoracial antibody. It can catch and will be grant by the mortal immune system. The evolution of procedures to carry mortal T cell. A victim who is affected with cancer which is a tumor-specific T cell is instructed to a significant breakthrough. A melanoma-specific antigen is helpful for mortal T cells. MAGE1 gene which is characterized as antigen as a reagent is probable to clone. The MAGE-1 can answer to tumor antigen in the human immune system. It is the long result and from a kind of tumors are still developing of antigens that could help as marks for treatment (Ureshino et al., 2020). Neoplastic cells disintegration and the peptides to cytotoxic CD8 T cells are explained by the major-histocompatibility complex. Produced mutated genes are obtained by peptides. In research for tumor antigen, peptides leap to MHC class 2 and MHC class 1 both molecules of tumors have been sequenced. “Dendritic cells” can be filled with many kinds of tumor-derived peptides (Toyoshima et al., 2019). Their ability to enlarge a community of T cells recognized peptides. These actions determined additionally than a hundred peptides and some kind of obtained from proteins that were the effect of individual mutations. but almost all were emanated from regular proteins which were separately represented by tumor cells. Cyclin B1 came upon this method. One more advance towards the recognition of tumor antigens implies an examination of serum specimens with specific neoplasms for immune reactivity of patients with proteins removed from tumor cells or produced by interrelated DNA indication libraries of tumors. NY-ESO-1 is a tumor antigen that was found out in this way (Schoenberger et al., 2019). This molecule is a member of the family of cancer-testis antigens. Which is exhibited by the many kinds of tumors of humans. The melanoma antigen ( MAGE-1) is a member of this cancer antigen group. Tumors can defeat immunity in the right way. Many human tumors build immunosuppressive enzymes. Such stereoisomers might have a function in the therapy of sufferers with cancer. By creating the immunosuppressive cytokines TGF-β and interleukin T cells stamp out inhibiting the growth of a tumor effector T cell which is controlled tumor microenvironment (Daiko et al., 2020). The high rise of this cell can be discovered in nonsmall cell cancer. Specifically for neck and head cancer, there has been a considerable increase in the T cells and thereby helping in the proper recognition for the patient’s blood respectively. For the patient who has colorectal cancer, its enlarged number start with granulocytes myeloid-obtain suppressor cells. For immunotherapy, there will be the usage of the vitro multiplication that helps in the considerable increase in the T cells.
According to the author named Olivera J. Finn, the strengths for this research have been configured for this research is the demonstration and consideration of the behavioral characteristics of the cells. Based on this information, there has been development of proper recommendations of the treatments that are specified for the recovery of the cancer cells.
The weakness have been spotted for having limited information about the cancer cells for humans and thereby considering the mice as the test object for the research. It does not make proper justification for the relevance made in the tumor behavioral characteristics for mice that will be met within humans.
According to the author named Olivera J. Finn, the techniques for this research have been suggested through the development of the information about the different therapies used for the cancer treatment. This could be facilitated through the acquisition of intravenous management. The experiment that has been implemented over mice has shown that inhabitants of T cells that proved to be intellectual with blood cancer cells could remove regular blood cancer (Fridman, 2018). A patient receives an allogeneic hematopoietic mature T cell in the cutting and a potent antileukemic answer. In study one- the sufferer was treated with intakes of CD8 T cells. This cell was particular for melanoma and tightens MART-1, Melan-A, and glycoprotein 100. T cells can wander to tumor sites and create regression of metastases. Recently according to a study have many patients who specific for Melan-A, T cells are used by melanoma. This treatment gave good results for one person and gave bad results for another one. Before T-cell infusion, a diversity of this treatment was identified by managing nonmyeloablative but lymphocyte-depleting chemotherapy. The utilization of same and individual T cells was recently modified. The T cells continue for a long period in some patients with melanoma. Here immunotherapy is slight therapy and the labor and the price which is related to this cellular therapy might be explained. Any way its need to be noted that phase 1 is tested in the patients who have the advanced and obstinate condition and in whom many kinds of therapy are used but that’s all are gone failed. In phase 1 and phase 2 vaccination can apply to cancer case. There are some vaccines for breast cancer is called HER2 antigen (Reichman et al., 2019). MUC1 antigen is for lung cancer. Here pancreatic cancer vaccine name is telomerase peptides. All the results of that treatment are really very innovative as all the proof
And many responses all are good and not so opposite effect.
Conclusion
It needs to learn about the possibility of cancer and must need to know the system in which way cancer can control and the many kinds of ways of immunotherapy can improve prospectively of the resistance set up for the well being of the patient. This knowledge has energized the origination of many kinds of new healing antibodies, cell-based treatments. The vaccine which is used for treatment and clinical practice may be solitary or in many kinds of combinations. The main cause of increasing cancer present on the carcinogenic cell presents on th hunman body that grow drastically as per human body. These new processes of healing are regarded as likely in this solution having become cancer treatment and, finally, the precluding of cancer. Diagnosis and therapy services should originally prey all patients demonstrating with repairable cancers, where supplies are limited, as breast cancer, cervical cancer, oral cancer which are can be witnessed early. It also needs to be segregated with a palliative supervision program strategy. And the patient who is suffering from cancer long time and who can no longer benefit from this therapy they can get acceptable from their physical. Moreover, the strategy should cover a consciousness-raising component to teach patients families and need learn for taking inhibitory measures to detour growing cancer. All the services must be furnished in an honest and sufferable way. When more supplies become obtainable, the plan can be expanded to cover other medicable cancers as well as cancers for which therapy can extend survival extensively.
References
Journals
Borst, J., Ahrends, T., B?ba?a, N., Melief, C.J. and Kastenmüller, W., 2018. CD4+ T cell help in cancer immunology and immunotherapy. Nature Reviews Immunology, 18(10), pp.635-647.
Daiko, H., Marafioti, T., Fujiwara, T., Shirakawa, Y., Nakatsura, T., Kato, K., Puccio, I., Hikichi, T., Yoshimura, S., Nakagawa, T. and Furukawa, M., 2020. Exploratory open-label clinical study to determine the S-588410 cancer peptide vaccine-induced tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and changes in the tumor microenvironment in esophageal cancer patients. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy, 69, pp.2247-2257.
Finn, O.J., 2018. Cancer immunology. New England Journal of Medicine, 358(25), pp.2704-2715.
Fridman, W.H., 2018. From Cancer Immune Surveillance to Cancer. J Immunol, 201, pp.825-826.
Gallimore, A., Quezada, S.A. and Roychoudhuri, R., 2019. Regulatory T cells in cancer: where are we now?.
Ohue, Y. and Nishikawa, H., 2019. Regulatory T (Treg) cells in cancer: Can Treg cells be a new therapeutic target?. Cancer science, 110(7), pp.2080-2089.
Old, L.J., 2021. Cancer immunology: the search for specificity—GHA Clowes Memorial Lecture. Cancer research, 41(2), pp.361-375..
Reichman, H., Itan, M., Rozenberg, P., Yarmolovski, T., Brazowski, E., Varol, C., Gluck, N., Shapira, S., Arber, N., Qimron, U. and Karo-Atar, D., 2019. Activated eosinophils exert antitumorigenic activities in colorectal cancer. Cancer immunology research, 7(3), pp.388-400.
Schoenberger, S.P., Peters, B. and Sette, A., 2019. The Cancer Epitope Database and Analysis Resource: A Blueprint for the Establishment of a New Bioinformatics Resource for Use by the Cancer Immunology Community.
Toyoshima, Y., Kitamura, H., Xiang, H., Ohno, Y., Homma, S., Kawamura, H., Takahashi, N., Kamiyama, T., Tanino, M. and Taketomi, A., 2019. IL6 modulates the immune status of the tumor microenvironment to facilitate metastatic colonization of colorectal cancer cells. Cancer immunology research, 7(12), pp.1944-1957.
Ureshino, H., Shindo, T. and Kimura, S., 2020. Role of cancer immunology in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia research, 88, p.106273.
Wculek, S.K., Cueto, F.J., Mujal, A.M., Melero, I., Krummel, M.F. and Sancho, D., 2020. Dendritic cells in cancer immunology and immunotherapy. Nature Reviews Immunology, 20(1), pp.7-24.
