Homeostasis: Balancing Water, Temperature, and Blood Sugar in the Body Case Study

Homeostasis: Balancing Water, Temperature, and Blood Sugar in the Body

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Introduction to Homeostasis: Balancing Water, Temperature, and Blood Sugar in the Body

A Self-regulating procedure that helps biological systems maintain stability while simultaneously adjusting optimal survival conditions is known as homeostasis. Successful continuation of life is dependent on successful homeostasis. It is a dynamic equilibrium that maintains stability. This continuous equilibrium change is always occurring while prevailing in relatively uniform conditions.

Water Homeostasis:

In order to find water in the human body, one must look for it in the plasma, intestine, and, most of all, the cells. Humans tend to lose water in many ways, such as through precipitation and respiration, and mostly through urine and faeces (Lorenzo, Serra-Prat, and Yébenes, 2019). Fine balance and a sensitive network, controlled and maintained by physiology planted in human bodies, are necessary to maintain water levels. It is also known as body water homeostasis, which is maintained by the stimulation of fluid intake created by thirst.

It is a biological instinct to have thirst. Trust is mediated by osmoreceptors, which are sensory receptors. The thalamus is the home to these receptors. These can detect any changes in blood plasma inside a physical being (Lowell, 2019). While detecting no blood volume, those receptors can signal to the hypothalamus. As a result, the hypothalamus can generate a thirst sensation. It can be stated that from the sensation of human paint to take the water, which may balance out the scenario. Any fluid loss and intake are ensured to get balanced by this home statistic control mechanism.

A human body can suffer dehydration when there is a loss of body water or a lack of an ideal hydrated state. The human body cannot function normally if the lack of fluid is not replaced properly. So every human body must be contained with adequate fluid intake. Otherwise, the body can be unable to execute many functions, including maintaining body temperature, removing bodily waste, or the digestive process.

Temperature Homeostasis:

In order to maintain stable internal temperature, the human body has procedures that include cardiovascular, respiratory, integumentary, and muscular systems. The integumentary includes skin and associated structures. In order to control rising body temperature, the human body executes the procedure of skin blood vessels dilating. Near the skin surface, more blood flow starts to occur due to this process (Madden and Morrison, 2019). This method assures that the heat can dissipate through the human skin in the air surrounding it. There are other ways of dissipating heat, such as sweating. The body tends to be sweet when the temperature rises, and it helps to cool down. Another way is rapid breathing which stimulates the excess heat. Responses like this are implanted like a coat in the living body. This becomes self-explanatory why humans breathe heavily and get burning skin doing heavy work or exercise or walking fast or anything that can raise the body's metabolism rate or anything that can cause high temperature.

On the other hand, when a human body is too cold, the blood vessels on the skin start to contract, which reduces the blood flow down the extremities, such as arms and legs. National contraction and relaxation help to generate heat to keep the body warm. Raising the skin hairs is a sign that the body is trapping more air which is a good insulator planted near the skin. Hence it is self-explanatory why the body gets goose-bumps or gets pale and cold extremities while being cold.

Blood Sugar Homeostasis: Blood Glucose Regulation by the Pancreas:

Just like water and heat levels, there is also a particular level of blood sugar in the human body. In order to function normally, the human body is dependent on blood glucose level control. Hormones and neuropeptides released from the human brain, muscular tissues, liver intestine, and most importantly, pancreas create a highly sophisticated net worth that accomplishes the control of blood sugar in the human body (Dehghan and Abbasalizad Farhangi, 2020). The pancreas is the key factor that secretes the blood sugar-lowering hormone, insulin, and insulin's opponent, glucagon. Any disbalance or disruptions in the interplay of the hormones are the peptides can cause metabolic disorders. It can cause type 2 diabetes (T2DM) mellitus (Mahdavi, et al. 2021). It can be dreadful to cure as its medical cost, prevalence, and comorbidities are extremely high.

Pancreas plays a key role in metabolism, which is correlated to macronutrient digestion. It releases different types of digestive enzymes and pancreatic hormones. This secretory organ consists of acinar cells that are responsible for secreting pancreatic juice. Patriotic juice contains digestive enzymes such as pancreatic lipase, amylase, and trypsinogen. Then the trip to zin is released in the main pancreatic and the accessory pancreatic duct. In an endocrine manner, the pancreatic hormones are directly secret into the bloodstream. The clustered endocrine cells are popularly known as islets of Langerhans. This endocrine system is responsible for releasing five types of hormones from 5 types of cells such as α-sales, β-cells, γ-cells, δ-cells, and ?-cells. Wendt, and Eliasson (2020) noted that cells secret hormones such as glucagon, C-peptide, and insulin; pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin and ghrelin. Through these various hormones, the pancreas helps to balance the blood sugar level in the human body. Hormones such as glucagon and insulin-secreting from the pancreas help to maintain blood glucose levels. The levels vary between the ranges of 4-6 mM. The accomplishment of this preservation of blood sugar balancing is done by the balanced and opposed actions of glucagon and insulin. This procedure is known as glucose homeostasis. Times when the human body slips or eats, the glucose level in the blood often becomes low. At this time, glucagon is released from α-cells to promote hepatic glycogenolysis. Additionally, glucagon drives renal and hepatitis gluconeogenesis. It increases Indigenous blood glucose levels while the human body goes to prolonged fasting. In contrast, β-cells release stimulates elevated exogenous glucose levels in the human body. Tuition can occur when humans take a heavy meal.

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Conclusion:

It can be concluded that the human body has its ways of maintaining the levels of essential elements required for it. The elements include water, temperature, blood sugar level, and others. It has been observed that there can be intricate ways of controlling water and temperature levels in the human body. Without the knowledge of the functions within, one may not understand the reactions human bodies make. It is also observed that there can be complex internal systems, such as the pancreas and its secreting hormones that can control sugar levels in the body. Without these methods, our bodies may stop functioning.

References:

Dehghan, P. and Abbasalizad Farhangi, M., 2020. Dietary acid load, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar and biomarkers of insulin resistance among adults: Findings from an updated systematic review and meta?analysis. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 74(4), p.e13471.

Lorenzo, I., Serra-Prat, M. and Yébenes, J.C., 2019. The role of water homeostasis in muscle function and frailty: A review. Nutrients, 11(8), p.1857.

Lowell, B.B., 2019. New neuroscience of homeostasis and drives for food, water, and salt. New England Journal of Medicine, 380(5), pp.459-471.

Madden, C.J. and Morrison, S.F., 2019. Central nervous system circuits that control body temperature. Neuroscience letters, 696, pp.225-232.

Mahdavi, A., Bagherniya, M., Mirenayat, M.S., Atkin, S.L. and Sahebkar, A., 2021. Medicinal plants and phytochemicals regulating insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetic patients: A clinical review. Pharmacological Properties of Plant-Derived Natural Products and Implications for Human Health, pp.161-183.

Wendt, A. and Eliasson, L., 2020, July. Pancreatic α-cells–the unsung heroes in islet function. In Seminars in cell & developmental biology (Vol. 103, pp. 41-50). Academic Press.