Impact of COVID-19 on UK Adults Mental Health: Pre and Post-Pandemic Analysis Case Study

Impact of COVID-19 on UK Adults Mental Health: Pre- and Post-Pandemic Analysis

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Introduction: Impact of COVID-19 on UK Adults Mental Health: Pre- and Post-Pandemic Analysis

Analysing the Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health in the UK: Pre- and Post-Pandemic Insights

1.1 Research Topic

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of adults in the UK

1.2 Company or Sector: Health Care Sector

Healthcare practitioners in the UK, for example, physicians as well as psychologists and counsellors, can help design individualised interventions and strategies to improve mental health (Rathnayaka et al., 202).

1.3 Research Project Description

According to the report of Shan et al. (2021), the COVID-19 pandemic has had a worldwide negative impact, with the UK being one of the most seriously affected countries. Aside from the acute physical health effects, the pandemic has prompted serious worries about its influence on mental health. The pandemic has created a variety of stresses that have the potential to significantly impact the mental health of individuals in the UK. Individuals have reported heightened emotions of isolation, uncertainty, and dread as a result of public health measures such as lockdowns, social distancing, and travel restrictions (Devi, 2020). Disruptions to daily routines, financial challenges, and job losses have exacerbated these stresses, leading to increased anxiety, sadness, and other mental health disorders. Even before the epidemic, the United Kingdom was dealing with a significant burden of mental health issues. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated that one in every four persons in the United Kingdom suffered from a mental health issue in any given year (Pieh et al., 2021). High levels of work-related stress, socioeconomic inequality, and restricted access to mental health treatments have already hampered the mental health of individuals in the nation.

The added impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on mental health necessitates more research. Understanding the precise mental health repercussions experienced by adults in the United Kingdom during the pandemic is critical for several reasons. For starters, it allows healthcare practitioners and governments to create tailored interventions and support systems to address increasing mental health needs. Resources can be deployed more effectively to guarantee equal access to mental health care by identifying the most vulnerable groups and the variables that contribute to vulnerability. Second, researching the pandemic's influence on mental health can yield important insights into the elements that promote resilience in people and communities. This knowledge may be used to build methods for improving resilience and coping mechanisms in the face of future disasters.

1.4 Research Rationale

Understanding the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of people in the UK is critical for several compelling reasons. For starters, pandemics, together with the associated public health measures such as lockdowns, social isolation, and economic insecurity, can cause a wide range of stresses that have a major impact on mental health. Examining the unique mental health impacts experienced by adults during this unprecedented crisis is critical for understanding the scale and nature of these effects (Silva et al., 2020). Second, even before the epidemic, the UK was dealing with a rise in mental health difficulties such as anxiety, depression, and other mental illnesses. This existing susceptibility highlights the need of assessing the extra burden caused by COVID-19 on the mental health of individuals in the United Kingdom. Understanding the particular issues provided by the pandemic allows interventions and support systems to be successfully adapted to suit the population's specific mental health requirements.

Third, researching the pandemic's influence on mental health might yield important insights into the elements that lead to resilience or vulnerability in the face of such problems. Interventions to improve resilience and support individuals during times of crisis can be designed by understanding the protective variables and coping processes that promote improved mental health outcomes. Similarly, identifying the risk factors linked to poor mental health outcomes might aid in targeting interventions for those who are most vulnerable. Finally, research on the long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health is critical for post-pandemic recovery plans (McArthur et al., 2021). Understanding the long-term consequences and potential trajectories of mental health issues can help guide the creation of comprehensive and long-term mental health care. This understanding is essential for continuing to assist and care for individuals and communities in the aftermath of the epidemic.

1.5 Research Aims

The research aims to examine the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of adults in the UK.

1.6 Research Objectives

• To discuss the mental health of adults in the UK Pre-COVID
• To evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of adults in the UK Post-COVID.
• The study aims to investigate the Concept of Work-related stress in Employees

1.7 Research Question

• How did the prevalence and severity of mental health problems among adults in the UK alter before and during the COVID-19 pandemic?
• What are the particular elements linked with work-related stress among employees in the UK, both before and after the implementation of COVID-19?
• What effect does the Covid-19 pandemic have on the relationship between work-related stress and mental health outcomes among UK employees?

2. Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This literature review aims to explore the occurrence and consequences of mental health problems among adults at the time following the Covid-19 pandemic. It investigates various factors that contribute to mental health issues, such as stress related to work, social inequalities, and accessibility of mental health services. The review also examines the psychological effects of Covid-19 on the general population, highlighting the factors that contribute to the rise in mental health problems. In interference, it focuses on the association between work-related stress as well as mental health consequences, with a specific emphasis on employee predominance. The review examines the relationship among work-related stress, Covid-19, and mental health, taking into account the particular challenges that employees confront. The ultimate objective is to offer a thorough grasp of the mental health landscape and to underscore the importance of work-related stress and its influence on general well-being.

2.2 Pre-COVID Mental Health Status of Adults

The review of people's pre-COVID mental health condition reveals important data on baseline levels of mental well-being and establishes the framework to comprehend the pandemic's subsequent impact on mental health. According to the report of Leung et al. (2022), various mental health concerns were prominent among adults before the COVID-19 epidemic, underlining the significance of treating and maintaining mental well-being even in non-pandemic periods. Before COVID, anxiety disorders were one of the most often seen mental health concerns among people. Many people experienced extreme concern, fear, and panic, which had a huge influence on their everyday lives. According to the report of Chukwuere, Pienaar and Sehularo (2020), another common mental health ailment was depression, which was characterised by chronic sorrow, loss of interest, and a poor mood. Substance misuse and addiction were also issues, with many using drugs or alcohol to cope with underlying mental health issues. Adults' pre-COVID mental health concerns were exacerbated by several circumstances. Individuals experiencing financial difficulties, unemployment, or insecure living arrangements were more sensitive to mental health problems, owing to socioeconomic inequities.

According to a report by Awan et al. (2022), workplace stress, such as high job expectations, lengthy work hours, and a lack of autonomy, also had a negative influence on mental health. Adverse childhood experiences, such as trauma, neglect, or abuse, raised the chance of adult mental health problems. Access to mental health treatment was another important factor impacting people's pre-COVID mental health condition. Individuals seeking help and therapy faced challenges due to the scarcity and high cost of mental health services. Mental health stigma also led to the underutilisation of existing resources. Understanding individuals' pre-COVID mental health condition is critical for identifying the population's current difficulties and vulnerabilities. It emphasises the importance of comprehensive mental health support networks, early intervention programmes, and attempts to reduce stigma.

2.3 Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Adult

This disease's global expansion has had a vast and deep influence on adult mental health across the world. An in-depth analysis of studies demonstrates the major emotional ramifications suffered during and after the disease's outbreak, underlining the significance of effectively comprehending these implications in order to manage and alleviate concerns.

The pandemic's principal impact on mental health is a considerable increase in stress and anxiety levels among adults. According to a report by Sun et al. (2022), the pandemic created a slew of stresses, including worries about one's and loved ones' health, the continual threat of viral transmission, and the uncertainty of the future. Strict public health measures, such as lockdowns and social distancing, disturbed everyday routines and social contacts, adding to increased stress and anxiety. According to Serafini et al. (2020), depression has also emerged as a common mental health repercussion of the epidemic. The social isolation caused by lockdowns and limitations has resulted in intense feelings of loneliness, melancholy, and despair. Economic ramifications, such as job loss and financial difficulties, have aggravated depressive symptoms in adults since financial insecurity and loss of livelihood add to a sense of hopelessness and despair.

Certain individuals, notably frontline healthcare professionals, have had post-traumatic stress symptoms as a result of the COVID-19 epidemic. According to a report by Gkintoni, Boutsinas and Kourkoutas (2022), these individuals have undergone trauma and anguish as a result of the demanding nature of their profession, frequent viral exposure, and witnessing enormous suffering and loss. The long-term mental health consequences of these traumatic experiences should not be disregarded. Furthermore, the pandemic has exacerbated pre-existing mental health concerns in adults. Those who are already suffering from diseases such as anxiety disorders, depression, and drug misuse have had added difficulties in maintaining their mental health during these exceptional times. The problems experienced by this vulnerable group have been exacerbated by limited access to mental health treatments, interruptions in treatment, and weakened social support networks.

2.4 Factors Contributing to Work-Related Stress and Mental Health Problems

Factors that contribute to work-related stress that leads to mental health difficulties are numerous and have serious consequences for employees' well-being. A critical review of the research identifies numerous major elements that contribute to work-related stress, both before and after COVID-19, and their influence on mental health.

One significant element is the heavy workload and job expectations. According to the report of Mathews, Khumalo and Dlamini (2022), excessive workloads, unreasonable deadlines, and a lack of resources can put staff under a lot of strain and stress. The persistent pressure to meet or surpass expectations can lead to feelings of burnout, anxiety, and a weakened mental state. Another element that adds to work-related stress is a lack of control over work-related decisions and restricted autonomy. When employees believe they have little control over their work processes, decision-making, and job assignment, it can lead to feelings of helplessness and increased stress.

According to the report of Chigeda, Ndofirepi and Steyn (2022), the work-life imbalance is a major cause of work-related stress and related mental health problems. Employees who struggle to balance work and family obligations may feel chronic stress, weariness, and conflicts between work and family obligations. The blurring of work and home life borders, particularly with remote work arrangements, may aggravate this problem. According to Muchiri's (2022) assessment, organisational qualities such as a lack of support, ineffective communication, and inadequate leadership all contribute to work-related stress. Employees who do not feel supported by their managers or who have limited access to tools and training may experience stress. Uncertain expectations, employment uncertainty, and a hostile work environment can all harm one's mental health.

The COVID-19 outbreak has increased workplace difficulties such as remote work concerns, job insecurity, and escalating work expectations. The transition to remote work has blurred the barriers between personal and professional life, resulting in increased stress and difficulties in attaining work-life balance. Job insecurity and economic uncertainty have contributed to heightened stress and anxiety among employees throughout the pandemic.

2.5 Mitigating Work-Related Stress and Promoting Mental Well-being

According to Fleming (2023), workplace stress reduction and the development of mental well-being are critical for developing a healthy and productive workforce. The study here provides a range of tactics and treatments that might be adopted at both the organisational and individual levels to attain these aims, both before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. It is critical to develop workplace policies and practices that respect employee well-being at the corporate level. According to Jaman, James, and Luamba (2022), fostering an open work atmosphere, promoting work-life balance, and encouraging employee engagement in decision-making processes. Offering flexible work arrangements, such as remote work or flexible scheduling, can aid in the reduction of job-related stress and the promotion of mental health. Access to employee assistance programmes, counselling services, and mental health resources illustrates the organisation's commitment to meeting the mental health needs of its employees.

It is critical to train managers and supervisors to recognise and resolve work-related stress. According to Oleksa-Marewska and Tokar (2022), effective leadership is critical in reducing stress and increasing mental well-being among employees. Managers should be taught to give assistance, enable communication, and build a mentally healthy work atmosphere. Uncertainty and tension may be reduced by clear communication of expectations, role clarity, and frequent feedback. Individual-level treatments are also important in reducing work-related stress. Employees can benefit from stress management programmes such as mindfulness-based therapies or stress reduction courses, which provide them with coping strategies and resilience skills to help them negotiate work-related pressures. According to Nicolas (2021), encouraging workers to engage in regular physical exercise, have a healthy lifestyle, and practise self-care can improve their mental health.

According to Yang et al. (2022), creating social support networks in the workplace is critical for enhancing mental health. Encouragement of social connections and team-building activities can aid in the development of a sense of belonging and lessen feelings of loneliness. Individuals can use peer support programmes and employee resource groups to discuss their experiences, seek advice, and provide support to one another. Following COVID-19, it is critical to address the new difficulties that have arisen. This involves providing technical tools, clear communication routes, and virtual social engagements to distant employees. Organisations should prioritise mental health efforts like frequent check-ins, mental health days, and resources tailored to the pandemic's impact.

2.6 Conclusion

This literature review offers a comprehensive understanding of mental health concerns among adults at the time of the COVID-19 outbreak. It examines various factors such as work-related stress, social inequalities, and accessibility of mental health services. The pandemic has had a significant impact on mental health, leading to increased stress, anxiety, and depression. Work-related stress, characterised by heavy workloads and an imbalance between work and personal life, emerges as a prominent contributor. To alleviate work-related stress and enhance mental well-being, interventions at both the organisational and individual levels are necessary. These include implementing supportive policies, stress management programs, and establishing social support networks. By addressing these factors, organisations and society can effectively safeguard and promote the mental well-being of individuals.

3. Methodology

3.1 Gantt Chart

3.2 Research Structure

1. Research Topic: The impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of adults in the UK
2. Introduction: The study interest, purpose and objectives, and research questions will all be stated in the introductory section.
3. Literature Review: The literature review will go through an investigation of relevant sources as well as compare and discuss the factors and impacts of COVID-19 on the Mental health of adults.
4. Methodology: The Methodology part will state the research framework, reasoning Approach, research design, identification of research strategy as well as data collection process, data analysis approach and Ethical consideration.
5. Conclusion and Recommendations: This section of the research will highlight the major elements of the study and evaluate the research concerning the objectives.

3.3 Research Framework

The research onion framework is a multi-stage research method that consists of research philosophy, research technique, study design, data collection, and analysis (Haydam and Steenkamp, 2021). This framework is meant to help researchers make educated judgements regarding the methodologies they utilised during the research process.

Figure 1: Saunders et al.’s Research Onion

3.4 Research Philosophy

This research will use interpretivism research philosophy to analyse individuals' subjective experiences and perceptions in a specific context. An interpretivism approach recognises that reality is socially constructed and that the meaning and perception of events can differ amongst individuals depending on their diverse cultural and historical backgrounds (Ikram and Kenayathulla, 2022). This research philosophy enables a more in-depth understanding of participants' ideas, which is beneficial for this study.

3.5 Reasoning Approach

The research justification approach used is critical in evaluating the robustness and trustworthiness of the results and conclusions. An inductive reasoning approach will be used in this study, with the researcher conducting structured interviews to examine the subjective experiences of individuals within a specific situation.

3.6 Research Design

In this study, an exploratory research design, specifically a case study approach, will be used as the research design to analyse individuals' subjective experiences through interviews.

3.7 Research Strategy

The primary research method will be used in this research. Primary research is acquiring new data directly from the source using various approaches such as surveys, interviews, and observations (Sharma and Kumar, 2022).

3.8 Methodological Choice

The qualitative research approach is particularly successful in analysing subjective experiences and perceptions, making it suitable for research projects that include participant interviews. In this study, the researcher will use a qualitative research approach to analyse individuals' subjective experiences in a specific setting.

3.9 Data Collection Process

Data for this study will be acquired through qualitative interviews with participants from mental health practitioners in the UK to evaluate the subjective experiences in a specific setting. Face-to-face interviews will take place in a neutral and pleasant environment that ensures privacy and confidentiality. To allow participants to freely communicate their experiences and ideas, a semi-structured interview guide with open-ended questions will be developed.

3.10 Sampling Technique

The data saturation technique will be used in this study to get new information, and insights ceased arising from successive interviews, indicating that the sample size was enough to properly meet the study goals.

3.11 Data Analysis Process

The audio recordings and video conference of the interviews will be transcribed verbatim, ensuring accuracy and preserving the participants' original expressions. Thematic analysis will also be used on the data to identify recurring themes, patterns, and groupings.

3.12 Ethical Considerations

In this study, ethical issues will include gaining informed permission from participants, safeguarding the confidentiality and privacy of their information, and protecting their rights and well-being.

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