Impact of Type 2 Diabetes on Women in the UK: Causes and Interventions Case Study

Trends and Interventions for Managing Type 2 Diabetes in UK Women

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Introduction

Different issues like cells in the liver, fat cause type 2 diabetes and muscles are becoming resistant to Insulin. As a result, cells cannot take enough sugar and the pancreas cannot make enough Insulin for keeping the level of blood sugar in an accurate range. This study will be discussed the major understanding of Type 2 Diabetes and its effect on the daily activities of adult women in the United Kingdom. This study may also highlight the research paradigms, which will be beneficial for collecting information regarding this topic and developing this study in a proper way.

Aims and Objectives

The prime aim of this study can be to understand the concept of Type 2 Diabetes and its impact on women in the UK.

The objectives of this study will be highlighted below:

• To identify the causes and symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes or T2DM
• To evaluate the major impact of T2DM among women in the United Kingdom
• To determine the trends among women with Type 2 Diabetes in the UK
• To recognize the clinical approaches and interventions for minimizing the risks of T2DM in the UK

Rationale

Type 2 Diabetes is addressed as a major health issue and it also causes increasing premature mortality with nearly 2200 individuals are living with diabetes and dying early every year in England (). The rate of Diabetic prevalence will be increased and Diabetes in the UK can be the major issue faced by women. Diabetes has impaired the Quality of Life of every individual who is living with this health issue and has been a major concern of public health (). The dramatic maximization of the obesity rate can be the main issue behind so nay individuals may live with Type 2 Diabetes in the United Kingdom. Sex hormones can play a major role in increasing the risk of diabetes among women. Female sex hormones such as Estrogen may play a protective role against several conditions which may include kidney diseases and heart diseases. Increasing the level of blood sugar in an uncontrolled way, diabetes may impair the body’s response toward estrogen.

Figure 1: Distribution of people with diabetes 2020/21, by gender

The above figure demonstrates the prevalence rate of Type 2 Diabetes among women in the UK in the year 2020 to 2021. Around 44.3% of women are experiencing T2DM after-effects rather than Type 1 Diabetes (Statista, 2023). This study may shed light on the evaluation of T2DM and its impact on UK women’s lifestyle who may live with T2DM in recent days.

2. Literature Review

2.1 Evaluate the impact of Type 2 Diabetes among women

Diabetes is increasing all possible risks of heart disease, kidney disease and other kinds of diabetes complications by around four times among women and two times song men. Women have a worse outcome after being affected by a heart attack. According to the statement of Taylor et al. (2019), it has been evaluated that women are present at high risk of being experienced by Diabetes associated complications like kidney diseases, depression and blindness. Due to diabetes, women are also facing the issue of damaging micro and macrovascular blood vessels that may lead to stroke and heart attack with eye gums, nerves and kidneys. In a similar way, as stated by Goff, (2019), most of the women are facing Vaginal Yeast Infections and in spite of that Diabetes, women are present a high possibility of being suffered by Type 2 Diabetes and increasing blood glucose levels. However, as revealed by Barron et al. (2020), several females have bladders which do not empty always due to diabetes and it creates the perfect atmosphere for bacteria its grow. Henceforth, it has been evaluated that bacterial growth due to increased blood glucose levels is affecting women’s lifestyles and daily activities, which also impacts on women’s health as well.

Figure 2: T2DM among women in the United Kingdom

2.2 Determine the trends in Type 2 Diabetes in the UK among women

Over a few decades, the diabetes prevalence rate in developing countries rise substantially and it makes diabetes a major health priority in the global world. The prevalence rate of diabetes has estimated a suggestion that the burden, which is still rising in the United Kingdom and it has been interpreted the evidence of maximizing population risk. As per the words of Rawshani et al. (2021), it can be evaluated that around 4.1 million individuals’ rate are living with Type 2 Diabetes and diagnosed with T2DM in the UK. In addition, the rate of Diabetes has increased gradually from 1.4 million to 3.9 million. On the other hand, as depicted by Murphy et al. (2021), around 192.58 million individuals have been diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes in the United Kingdom. However, as opined by Lawrence et al. (2021), increasing the rate of obesity is also responsible for maximizing the rate of Type 2 Diabetes among women. Moreover, excessive secretion of sex hormones among women is also a major cause of increasing the prevalence rate of T2DM in the UK.

Figure 3: Scale of health issues in the UK

2.3 Identification of the interventions to minimize the risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the UK

The implementation of the “National Diabetes Strategy” in the UK is reducing the prevalence rate of Type 2 Diabetes among women. According to the statement of Caleyachetty et al. (2021), it has been stated that the stakeholders of the National Diabetes Strategy are assisting every individual in terms of maintaining blood glucose levels within the normal range by giving proper guidelines and distributing proper diet. In a similar way, as revealed by (), the government of the UK has implemented several kinds of approaches and guidelines based on maintaining blood glucose levels and reducing the risk of T2DM among women. Henceforth, it is helpful for those women to combat the negative consequences of Type 2 Diabetes. However, as argued by Kyrou et al. (2020), the “NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme” has also been implemented in terms of minimizing the risks of T2DM in women’s lifestyles.

Figure 4: Pillars of National Diabetes Strategy

2.4 Summary

The entire chapter will be summarized that Type 2 diabetes is caused by different issues like cells in the liver, fat and muscles are becoming resistant to Insulin. As a result, cells cannot take enough sugar and the pancreas cannot make enough Insulin for keeping the level of blood sugar in an accurate range.

3. Methodology

3.1 Research onion

Figure 5: Research Onion

3.2 Research Methodology

Secondary information will be assembled from different types of secondary resources such as Google Scholar, PubMed and other websites. Moreover, handling that information with security can be maintained in terms of developing this study and maintaining the quality of this study.

3.3 Data Collection Method

A “Secondary Data Collection Method” will be selected in order to develop this study in a proper way. All kinds of secondary resources such as articles, journals, online articles and government-approved websites will be selected for accumulating secondary information on the prevalence rate of T2DM among women in the UK. several kinds of study ethics will be maintained for maintaining academic integrity. Moreover, secondary databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed and other websites will be selected to collect information. Around 10 articles will be selected with the help of the PRISMA Framework for screening the biases and quality of those selected articles. The secondary data collection procedure is effective in terms of gathering experts’ opinions on Diabetes and its impact on women's-lifestyles in the United Kingdom (Mengist et al. 2020). All kinds of secondary resources such as articles, journals, online articles and government-approved websites will be selected for accumulating secondary information on the prevalence rate of T2DM among women in the UK. The guidelines of the Data Protection Act 2018 will be maintained in terms of avoiding data-thefts issues. After selecting those articles, they will be scrutinized with the help CASP tool and this tool will be accurate in terms of measuring the quality of secondary study and improving the study quality in a proper way.

4. Ethical consideration

During the collection of information, different types of ethics will be required to maintain in terms of avoiding data leakage incidents. The guidelines of the “Data Protection Act 2018” will be maintained while collecting information and using them for completing this specific study. The guidelines of the “Data Protection Act 2018” are helpful for minimizing the possible risks of data-thefts issues (Legislation, 2023). Moreover, all authors of the selected articles will be sent accessibility requests in terms of accessing those articles and gathering more information based on the impact of T2DM on women’s lifestyles in the United Kingdom. After developing this study, all information will be destroyed within six months and will not be used for personal usage and use for this study purposes.

5. Timeline

Figure 6: Gantt chart

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References

Journals

Barron, E., Bakhai, C., Kar, P., Weaver, A., Bradley, D., Ismail, H., Knighton, P., Holman, N., Khunti, K., Sattar, N. and Wareham, N.J., 2020. Associations of type 1 and type 2 diabetes with COVID-19-related mortality in England: a whole-population study. The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology, 8(10), pp.813-822.

Caleyachetty, R., Barber, T.M., Mohammed, N.I., Cappuccio, F.P., Hardy, R., Mathur, R., Banerjee, A. and Gill, P., 2021. Ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs for obesity based on type 2 diabetes risk in England: a population-based cohort study. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 9(7), pp.419-426.

Goff, L.M., 2019. Ethnicity and type 2 diabetes in the UK. Diabetic Medicine, 36(8), pp.927-938.

Kyrou, I., Tsigos, C., Mavrogianni, C., Cardon, G., Van Stappen, V., Latomme, J., Kivelä, J., Wikström, K., Tsochev, K., Nanasi, A. and Semanova, C., 2020. Sociodemographic and lifestyle-related risk factors for identifying vulnerable groups for type 2 diabetes: a narrative review with emphasis on data from Europe. BMC endocrine disorders, 20, pp.1-13.

Lawrence, J.M., Divers, J., Isom, S., Saydah, S., Imperatore, G., Pihoker, C., Marcovina, S.M., Mayer-Davis, E.J., Hamman, R.F., Dolan, L. and Dabelea, D., 2021. Trends in prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents in the US, 2001-2017. Jama, 326(8), pp.717-727.

Mengist, W., Soromessa, T. and Legese, G., 2020. Method for conducting systematic literature review and meta-analysis for environmental science research. MethodsX, 7, p.100777.

Murphy, H.R., Howgate, C., O'Keefe, J., Myers, J., Morgan, M., Coleman, M.A., Jolly, M., Valabhji, J., Scott, E.M., Knighton, P. and Young, B., 2021. Characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: a 5-year national population-based cohort study. The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology, 9(3), pp.153-164.

Palladino, R., Tabak, A.G., Khunti, K., Valabhji, J., Majeed, A., Millett, C. and Vamos, E.P., 2020. Association between pre-diabetes and microvascular and macrovascular disease in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care, 8(1), p.e001061.

Rawshani, A., Kjölhede, E.A., Rawshani, A., Sattar, N., Eeg-Olofsson, K., Adiels, M., Ludvigsson, J., Lindh, M., Gisslén, M., Hagberg, E. and Lappas, G., 2021. Severe COVID-19 in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Sweden: A nationwide retrospective cohort study. The Lancet Regional Health-Europe, 4, p.100105.

Taylor, R., Al-Mrabeh, A. and Sattar, N., 2019. Understanding the mechanisms of reversal of type 2 diabetes. The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology, 7(9), pp.726-736.