The analysis of laboratory data and interpretation is conducted on four different types of topics Conventional heat transfer, Conduction heat transfer, Viscosity and drag, and Wind Tunnel. All four topics are based on thermodynamics laws. Conventional heat transfer has used the change of the hot and cold fluid to the energy of transport thermal energy. Conduction heat transfer is used to transmit the thermal energy in the body. The wind tunnel is allowed to move air over the vehicle. The lab analysis of four topics is done in this report with the help of the theory and data.
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The factor Conventional Heat Transfer happens due to the movement of fluid. This fluid may be gas or liquid. Conventional is a process in which the energy is transferred within two types of medium.
Figure 1: Conventional Heat Transfer
The conventional heat transfer rate depends on the cooling law of Newton:
The value of h (coefficient of conventional heat transfer) is based on the lab experiment data and it is changed by the different experiments.
There are lots of factors that are used in convection heat transfer which are thermal resistance, the thermal resistance of convention, and the frictional coefficient of heat transfer (Russo et al. 2021). These all terms are defined by using these equations:
Coefficient of convection, h = 1 /L * integration of (h * d *As)
Equation of thermal resistance, Q = ΔT / (1 / h * A) = ΔT / Rconv
Where Rconv = “convective thermal resistance (Rconv) and it is equal to:
Rconv = 1 / (h * A)
Given data,
h = 1 /L * (h’ * d *As)
Length of the conventional heat transfer device, L= 200 mm
H h’ = 20 Hz
D d = 50 mm
As = 1.5
Therefore,
h = 1 / 200 * ( 20 * 50 * 1.5)
= 7.5
Rconv = 1 / (h * A)
Where A = 3.14 / 4 * (25 ^ 2)
A = 490.625 mm ^ 2
Therefore,
Rconv = 1 / (7.5 * 490.625)
Rconv = 0.00027
Therefore,
Thermal resistance, Q = ΔT / Rconv
Q = T2 - T1 / Rconv
Q = 600 - 455.5 / 0.00027
Q = 144.5 / 0.00027
Q = 535185.1 J
From the above calculation, identify all the factors that are used in the design of the Conventional heat transfer.
Conduction Heat Transfer
Conduction is a process of heat transfer in which the heat is transferred with the help of a molecule of materials. Conduction heat transfer is based on the forces that are driven by the difference between the temperature and resistance of the heat transfer (Sciubba, 2019). The resistance of heat transfer depends on the dimension of the median and the nature of the medium. The problems that are related to heat transfer depend on the differences in temperature. The conduction heat transfer is done only in the solid medium. The heat transfer of conduction is completely based on the law of Fourier.
The conduction heat transfer is calculated by the law of Fourier for the different shapes of materials.
Figure 2: Heat Transfer
For the rectangular, the conduction of heat transfer, is Q = k * A * (ΔT / Δ x)
For the cylindrical, the conduction of heat transfer, is Q = k * A * (ΔT / Δ r)
The conduction of heat transfer is a gradient of temperature in a solid form structure or in the medium of stationary fluid (Sciubba et al. 2019). The conduction heat transfer is done from molecules that are more energetic to the less energetic molecule if the molecule has collided. The direction of the heat flow in the conduction heat transfer is decreasing because the higher temperature is associated with the higher energy of the molecule.
Figure 3: Direction of heat transfer in conduction
The conduction heat transfer is determined by the Law of Fourier
The Law of Fourier is,
q = (k / s) * A * dT
q = U * A * dT]
Where,
q = Heat transfer from one medium to another medium in W
K k = “Thermal conductivity” of given material W / m
S s = thickness of material in meter
A = area of heat transfer in meter ^ 2
U = k / s = called the heat energy coefficient in W / m ^ 2 K
DT = t1 - t2
Where t1 - t2 = difference of the temperature gradient.
The given data,
A wall is made of iron, its thermal conductivity is 70 W / m degree centigrade and the thickness of the iron wall is 50 mm. The length of the surface is 1 m and the width of the wall is 1m. The temperature of the surface of the wall is 150 degrees centigrade and the side temperature is 80 degrees centigrade.
Therefore the conduction heat transfer is,
q = (70 / 0.05) * (1 * 1) * (150 - 80)
q = 98000 W
q = 98 kW
Viscosity and Drag
If the object is moving through the fluid then the drag force is raised between the object or drag force also happens when the fluid is flowing past the object. The drag force is directly proportional to the flow velocity as the flow velocity is increased then the drag force also increases with the velocity (Silva Ortiz et al. 2019). But the viscosity is a complex phenomenon and it cannot be reduced for the drag force. In other, the viscosity is not directly proportional to the velocity.
The drag force is generated if the particles of the fluid are moving within the object. The fluid moves slowly at low velocities and this flow of the fluid is called laminar flow.
Figure 4: Importance of energy analysis
The linear relation of the drag force and viscosity is shown by the given equation
Fd (viscous) = a * η * v
Where,
v = the velocity of the given object which is relative to fluid
η = the coefficient of the viscosity of the fluid
a = object size
For the spherical object,
r = radius of the sphere
Therefore,
a = 6 * 3.14 * r
If the object size is larger than the fluid amount needed for the get out of the object.
The Reynolds number for the drag force is,
R = (d *ρ * v) / η
Where,
d = 2 * r
If the value of R is less than one then the viscous drag is dominated, and if the value of R is greater than 1000 the viscous drag is negligible.
The term viscosity stands for the resistance movement of the fluid, this resistance of motion is called viscosity (Witte et al. 2022). When the layer of the fluid is related to the motion then a force is applied between the layers of the fluid. If a fluid has a large amount of because of a strong force of molecules between the molecules of the particle.
There are two types of viscosity available that are dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity.
When the external force is applied in the resistance force of the fluid then the viscosity applied in the fluid is dynamic viscosity (Zadhossein et al. 2021). If the resistance flow of the fluid is under the gravity weight then this viscosity is known as the kinematic viscosity.
There are many differences between these two types of viscosity which are Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. If the temperature and pressure are affected by the viscosity of the given fluid then it is termed Newtonian fluid and if temperature and pressure are not affected by the fluid then it is called the non- Newtonian fluid.
Wind Tunnel
The wind tunnel device is used for the production of control streams in the air for the study of movement effects through the air and resistance movement. The model of the airplane or other types of objects of the machine used wind tunnels. The stream that is generated in the wind tunnel provides control of the airplane. The open-ended wind tunnel was used at the start of the twentieth century. In this tunnel, the air moving slowly across a section of the large bore in the wind tunnel has been accelerated in the test of a nozzle-like section and it slows again when the section of the large diffuser bore is. The operation of the wind tunnel is based on the continuity equation.
ρ * A1 * V1 = ρ * A2 * V2
Where
ρ = density of the fluid
A1 = cross-sectional area of section 1 of wind tunnel
A2 = Cross-sectional area of section 2 of wind tunnel
The continuity equation is,
Figure 5: Wind Tunnel
Conclusion
The report of Laboratory data log analysis and interpretation concluded the operation of four types of devices such as Conventional heat transfer, Conduction heat transfer, Drug and viscosity, and Wind Tunnel. This report discusses the operational process of all devices and mathematical calculations. The drag force is directly proportional to the flow velocity as the flow velocity is increased then the drag force also increases with the velocity. The conditional heat transfer works on Newton’s law of motion and similarly, the conduction of heat is based on Fourier’s law, and the wind tunnel is based on the continuity equation. The drag force is directly proportional to the viscosity of the fluid is concluded in this report.
References
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