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Task 1. A
1. Rise and fall methods and HPC Method
In this research the rise and fall method will also be known as the method of linear programming which will be thee used in project management for determining the best way for allocating the resources and completing the project in the manner of most efficient. The HPC (“Height of Plane Collimation”) is used to calculate the Reduced Levels (RLs) at every station in a survey. The HPC uses the Rise and fall method to calculate the RLs. This method involves measuring the difference in elevation between two points and then calculating the RL for the station of interest. The Rise and fall method is a relatively simple process that can be done quickly, and is commonly used for establishing a base level for a survey (Birjali et al. 2021). The rise and fall method works by measuring the difference in elevation between two points, usually the two closest stations. This difference is then used to calculate the RL of the station of interest. The RL is calculated by subtracting the measured difference from the known elevation of the "base" station. The base station is usually the station with the lowest elevation. This calculation is repeated for each station in the survey, giving the RL of each station relative to the base station. The HPC is an efficient and accurate way of calculating RLs. Using the HPC allows a surveyor to quickly and accurately calculate the RLs of multiple points.
2. Steps for survey work
In this research, there are mainly four steps which are used in carrying out for the task of surveying, such as map study, preliminary survey, detailed survey, final location, and the reconnaissance.
Map study: The surveying task will be the complex one and it will require an understanding for the terrain and those different types of application for the techniques of surveying and also in a properly survey in the certain area and also it will be very important for having an accurate area map. This map will provide the representation of visual of the terrain and the features which will be used as the reference for the process of surveying (Du et al. 2020). One of the most important aspects of map study for surveying is to accurately identify the different features of the terrain. This includes identifying the different landforms, such as hills, valleys, rivers, and lakes. It will also iclude for identifying the different man-made features, such as roads, buildings, and fences. All of these features need to be accurately identified in order to create an accurate survey. Another important aspect of map study for surveying is to determine the scale of the map. The scale of the map will also determine the level of detail that can be included in the survey and the map will be at the large scale, then the survey will be more accurate, but will also take more time for completing.
Reconnaissance: Reconnaissance surveys will be an essential part of surveying and they will play a very vital role to provide the necessary information for the next stages of the surveying process. The reconnaissance survey will be the first step in the process and it was used for gathering the data and information about a location. It will be used for assessing the suitability of a site for a proposed project, or to gather data for a more detailed survey. The goals of a reconnaissance survey were for addressing the relevant features of the site and also for assessing the overall condition of the area. This will involve the surveyor to collect some information such as the topography, soils, vegetation and other physical characteristics of the site (Kayastha et al. 2022). The surveyor will also look for potential hazards and any other that may be relevant to the project. This information can then be used to inform the design of the project and to identify any potential risks that may need to be addressed. When undertaking a reconnaissance survey, the surveyor will use a variety of methods and tools to collect the data. This may include aerial photography, ground surveys, topographic mapping, and other methods. The surveyor will also consider the surrounding environment and any potential impacts that may be caused by the project. Reconnaissance surveys are an important part of the surveying.
Figure 1: Reconnaissance Survey
Preliminary survey: The preliminary survey will be a very essential tool for the projects of surveying and also it will important part of the process of surveying as it will be very useful for identifying the key objectives of the project, the resources will be required for completing the survey, and the potential risks will be associated with the survey. The preliminary survey will also be helpful for informing the design of the survey, such as the type of questions that should be asked and the sampling technique that should be used. The first step in conducting a preliminary survey will be very beneficial for identifying the scope of the project. This will be involved for defining the purpose of the survey, the target population, and the data that needs to be collected. This will be allow for the surveyor for determining the resources needed for completing the survey and the timeline for completion (Miao et al. 2021). It will be also very essential for considering the potential risks associated with the survey and the resources available for mitigating these risks.
Methods of preliminary survey: Preliminary survey will be a very crucial step in the process of surveying and it will be very helpful for determining the scope and objectives of the project, the feasibility of the project, and the necessary resources required for the project. It will be also very useful for finding the potential issues or problems that may arise during the survey. The most common method used for preliminary survey is a desktop study. This will be involved for gathering and analyzing existing information such as topographic maps, aerial photographs, geological reports, and land use plans (Thota et al. 2020). This will help for identifying the areas of potential survey, issues of land ownership, access problems, and environmental constraints. The other method will be used for the preliminary survey is field reconnaissance. This will also be involved for visiting the survey area for identifying the potential hazards, access issues, and environmental constraints. Field reconnaissance will also be helpful for addressing the potential survey points, suitable survey instruments, and the type of survey that is suitable for the task.
Final location and detailed survey: In this study the final location and the detailed survey for the surveying task will be an essential step in the process of the survey and it will be also very important for determining the exact location in the site of survey and its boundaries and also the survey details. The site of the survey will be chosen was based on the accessibility to the need for personnel, equipment’s and the ability for providing the necessary data. Once the survey site is chosen, the next step is to conduct a detailed survey (Vithayathil Varghese, and Mahmoud, 2020). This must include a detailed description of the area, including the topography and vegetation, as well as the boundaries of the survey area. The survey should also include the dimensions of any structures or features that are to be included in the survey, such as roads, buildings, or other features. In addition, the survey should include the necessary measurements for the survey. This will include the measurements of angles, distances, and elevations and this information will be very useful for creating the map of the survey area and also for determining the position of the surveyed features.
3. Leveling Application
In this study the leveling will be the technique of surveying which was used for determining the height of a certain point at a certain location, usually relative to a fixed point. It will be one of the most common that will be used for the methods of surveying and is used for a wide variety of applications including construction, engineering, and topography (Zhou et al. 2021). Leveling was used in construction for determining the elevation of a building or structure. The accuracy of the measurements will be taken through leveling is critical for the success of the project, so a high level of accuracy will be required. In engineering, levelling is used to measure the ground level and plan drainage systems. For an example the levelling will be useful for determining the height of the ground surface before beginning a construction project and also for measuring the elevation of a bridge or other structure (Yang et al. 2023). In topography, leveling is used to measure the elevation of a specific point or points. This will be very beneficial for creating a geographical map that shows the height of different points on the ground. Leveling will be used for measuring the slope of a land surface, which will be very important for determining the flow of water and other liquids over a surface.
Task 1. B
1.0 Traverse Process
The setup of the plant room is described. The room dimension is 4938.29 * 6824.29 mm. The machines are positioned properly in the plant room. There are 11 machines located in the room. The dimension of the internal wall is about 110–150 mm thick. Traversing is used for feildbook preparation. Traverse method is used for establishing the control networks. The network of traverse involves placing of the survey stations along the travel path and the previous survey point is used to find the elevation of the next point (Zhao et al. 2021). The valuable information of the field book are used for the preparation of the survey drawing.
Figure 2: Plant Drawing
2.0 Sources of error in surveying
The error occurs mainly due to three sources. This includes natural error, instrument error and the human error.
Natural error: Natural error occurs due to different environmental condition. This includes air temperature, wind speed, gravity, humidity, atmospheric temperature, atmospheric refraction and earth curvature.
Instrument error: The error in the instrument occurs mainly due to imperfect construction, adjustment or the calibrated equipment of surveying. Proper levelling of the instrument can solve some of these issues: balancing of the foresight and back sight, measurement distances are reduced and direct observations. Long period of storage, exposure to temperature variation and transportation jarring may cause maladjustment of the instrument (Zhuang et al. 2021). Sighting errors and collimation errors are determined and can be compensated by the adjustment of the instrument. Ambient temperature is adapted into the instrument before the work is initiated.
Human errors: The Errors are caused by the human due to certain physical limitation, observation setup and inconsistent setup. Error may occur due to misalignment of the crosshairs or in case the target rod is not properly held over the plumb.
The other type of errors are systematic error and random error. This are as follows:
Systematic error: This type of error generally caused due to the equipment of surveying, method of observation and other environmental factors (Melenbrink et al. 2020). The systematic errors accumulate in the measurement series also known as cumulative series.
Random error: Random errors are also considered as accidental errors that depends on the observation circumstance. This type of errors are unpredictable in nature and cannot be controlled by the human. This may lead to blunder in some situation.
This errors can be minimized by:
Proper levelling of the instrument of surveying.
The observation of back sight and foresight are balanced.
The correction factors are entered appropriately in data collector.
Correct target, height and offset of the instrument are entered in the data collector.
Periodic calibration of the equipment’s of surveying.
3.0 Steps required for measurement of plant room
The plant room measurement also involves setting up of the equipment’s. For the measurement of the rooms, a tape is required, along with paper and a pencil for recording the width and length of the room (Greenwood et al. 2019). The length and width of the room are measured using the tape in meter or feet. The room area is obtained by multiplying the numbers. The equipment present in the room is placed after a particular spacing.
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References
Journals
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