Minimalist Syntax Analysis: English, Korean, and German Sentence Comparison
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Introduction: Minimalist Syntax Analysis: English, Korean, and German Sentence Comparison
Minimalist syntax refers to the essay collection which involves evaluating the “major syntactic processes available in different several languages. This is all unified through perspective using the Minimalist program. This essay aims to analyse a sentence taken from the end of the chapter from an exercise using minimalist syntax and a linguistics model, using two other languages that enable explaining with natural languages.
Discussion
"Syntax analysis is a process of evaluating the structure of a sentence or phrase to determine and represent the grammatical component of the sentence as well as the relation of all words of the sentence word with each other. It is a part of the natural process of language as well as;computational linguistics, which helps to understand all human languages (Freidin, 2020). There are sets of grammatical rules which have been used to break sentences into their component parts, such as the "subject", "verb", "object", and "modifiers". Here in this essay;syntax analysis has been performed using the sentence;"Hans must be proud of his mother" in the English language.;
English syntax analysis
Sentence: Hans must be proud of his mother.
Arboreal representation of the sentence;
"Arboreal representation" is a tree-like structure which has been used to represent a structure. It is also known as the "parse tree" or the "syntax tree". In this structure,;the tree starts with a "root node" at the top and branches out into smaller nodes, which represent the various components of the sentence. In each node, there is;a word or a group of words, and the branches indicate the relationships between them (Brattico, 2021). The "arboreal representation" of the above sentence shows the;relationships between the different words in the sentence, where "Hans" is the subject and is at the top of the tree, "must be proud of" is the predicate, and "his mother" is the object. The tree starts with "Hans" as the "root node" and branches out to "proud" as its "child node", which then branches out to "must" and "mother". Arrow;points from "proud" to "must" and "mother" will indicate that they are both part of the same phrase or unit.
Segmentation of the sentence by identifying the word boundaries and clause boundaries
In the sentence above, there are two clauses, which have been found. The first clause is;"Hans must be proud", which is an independent clause, which means it can stand alone as a complete sentence.;This clause in the sentence expresses that "Hans' is required to feel proud about something 9 (Radford, 2004). Further, the second clause in this sentence is;"of his mother", which is a dependent clause meaning it cannot stand alone as a whole or complete sentence.;The subject of the second clause is not explicitly stated. Still, it can be inferred to be "Hans". The preposition in the sentence, "of" shows the relationship between the object "his mother" (a "possessive pronoun" and a "noun") and the adjective "proud" in clause 1.
Classifying "parts of speech" of the sentence
In this sentence, "Hans" is the proper noun, which shows a;specific person's and here, in this case, the person is d "Hans". Next, "must" is a modal verb and "be" is the;auxiliary verb. This auxiliary verb in this sentence is used as present tense and the infinitive of verbs, as well as the passive voice. Further, the word "proud" is an adjective, which;describes a feeling of satisfaction or pleasure in one's achievements, possessions, or qualities (Raymond;et al., 2021). Next the word "of" is a preposition, which;indicates a relationship between a "noun" and another word in the sentence. The next word "his" is a "possessive adjective", which is used in the sentence to;show that the mother is referring to, belongs to Hans. Finally, the word "mother", is the objective of the sentence referring to a female parent.;
Segmentation by identifying constituents in the sentences
In the above-mentioned sentence, there are three constituents, where the first constituent is "Hans",;a "proper noun phrase" that serves as the "subject" of the sentence. Further, the second constituent in the sentence is "must be proud", which is a "verb phrase" that is present as the "predicate" of the sentence (Murphy, 20200.;The modal verb "must" and the auxiliary verb "be" has combined to form the verb phrase. The third constituent in the sentence is "of his mother", which is a "prepositional phrase" that changes the adjective "proud" in the verb phrase into "must be proud".
Figure 1: Syntactic Tree structure for English Language
The grammatical function of the sentence
The first word "Hans" is the "subject" of the English sentence, and it refers to an individual d "Hans". As the subject, it is the entity that performs the action or experiences the state of being described by the verb. Further, the next word in the sentence is "must', which is a "modal auxiliary verb" that expresses commitment or necessity. In this sentence, the word "must" indicates that there is some requirement or expectation that Hans must fulfil. Next, the word "be", is the primary or principle verb in the sentence,;and it is in the "infinitive form". When this verb combined with "must", it creates a "modal verb phrase" that indicates a strong responsibility or necessity. The verb "be" is often used to describe a state of being or identity (Radford, 2018). Thereafter, the next word is "proud", which is an "adjective" that modifies the "subject complement" of the "verb phrase". In this case, the adjective "proud" describes the "emotional state" of Hans. He is feeling proud of his mother, which is a positive emotion associated with achievement, accomplishment, or success. Lastly, the next component is a "prepositional phrase",;"of his mother". This "prepositional phrase" modifies the "adjective" which in this sentence is "proud". This phrase indicates the reason or cause of Hans's pride (Vysotska;et al., 2021). Specifically, in this sentence, this prepositional phrase identifies his mother as the primary source of the accomplishment or achievement that has made him feel proud. The preposition "of" indicates a relationship between two nouns or pronouns, with the second noun (or pronoun) being the object of the preposition.;
"EPP" stands for "extended projection principle," and has been used as a "linguistic theory", which suggests that all sentences contain "specific functional categories", including "TP"("tense phrase") as well as "CP' ("complementizer phrase"). It has been found that these functional categories must be projected in a specific hierarchical order in a sentence (Mair & Leech, 2020). However, it can be seen that, the sentence "Hans must be proud of his mother" does not contain any overt evidence of functional categories beyond the "lexical categories" (such as "Hans," "must," "be"," "proud," "of," and "his"), so which means it is difficult to identify any "EPP features" in this sentence.;
In linguistics, it has been found that the term "person" has been referred to the "grammatical category" that distinguishes the relationship between the speaker in the sentence as well as the listener, and the entities being referred to in a sentence. In the English language, there are mainly three persons: the "first person", which refers to the "speaker', the "second person", which refers to the "listener", and the "third person, which refers to entities other than the "speaker and listener" that are not currently present in the scenario (Diessel, 2020). In this specific sentence, "Hans must be proud of his mother", it has been observed that Hans is considered as subject and it is also a "third person". The reason behind this, it is referred to an entity or an individual which is neither speaker nor a listener in this sentence. Moreover, the verb like "must be proud" has also been reflected for a third person, because it has agreed in both numbers as well as persons by having a subject like "Hans." For this reason, it;has been stated that this sentence like "Hans must be proud of his mother" is entirely represented in "third person".
In the science of language, "number" has been referred to as the "grammatical category" that differentiates "singular", which mentions only one entity thing or person from "plural", which mentions more than one entity in a sentence. It can be seen that, in the sentence under consideration, "Hans must be proud of his mother," both the subject including "Hans" and the "possessive pronoun" "his" is in the singular form, indicating that they only mention a single entity or person (Artha, 2021). The verb "must be proud" is also in the singular form, which supports the derivation of the number with the subject "Hans." Therefore, it can be concluded that the sentence "Hans must be proud of his mother" is in the "singular number", as it refers to a single person or entity (Hans) and his relationship with his mother.
"Gender" has been categorized as the grammatical form that divides the agreement between nouns and pronouns with respect to their grammatical properties, such as "masculine", "feminine", as well as "neuter". In the sentence "Hans must be proud of his mother," it has been seen earlier that the subject "Hans" is a "proper noun" and therefore, there is no indication of gender, as it can signify both genders male or female. However, the "Hans" is usually associated with the male gender in English, so it can be suggested that the gender of the referent from the sentence, "Hans" is "masculine". This can be further supported by the "possessive pronoun" "his" and it also indicates that the mother referred to in the sentence is the mother of a male person. Hence, It can be further said that the sentence "Hans must be proud of his mother" has a "masculine gender agreement", as it refers to a male person (Hans) and his relationship with his mother.
Other Language
Korean Language Syntax Explanation
Syntax use has been simplified using the syntactic design in which the language essentially merges into a simple operation within the locality domain. As opined by Delage & Frauenfelder (2020), syntax in operation Merge combines with “X and Y into “{X, Y} which is minimally necessary for language. The locality domain notion contributes to an efficient design. It has been already noticed earlier that only a limited amount of span can be detected by syntactic dependencies. The linguistic theory explains that syntactic dependencies have locally been treated as phases. The goal is to use minimal, optimal and “efficient computational systems. Korean uses the phase theory that combines multiple “spell-out hypotheses. In this hypothesis, the syntax interacts throughout the “syntactic derivation with the interfaces. Freidin (2020) accomplishes syntax interactions by syntactic objects number that limit derivation where the syntactic structure is achieved through transferring the part of interfaces during the "syntactic derivation". The transferred parts that have been observed in the sentence are unable to access for "further syntactic operations". Minimalist tenets refer to the language faculty that is characterized by efficient design.
Reviewing the head position parameter in the first settings has initiated the complements in English. However, it is observed that uniform head last settings in which the head position “follows their complements in Korean in the given sentence “son-eun geuui eomeonileul jalangseuleowohaeyahabnida. As suggested by Raymond et al. (2021), the Korean language observed that the problem of the head-complement merger has been labelled in an immediate aspect in which “it is determined with spell-out points. Syntactic has been labelled which is applied in this scenario. The EPP has been identified using a Syntactic tree.
As referred by Radford (2004), suggests this scenario is subcategorised as effective and labelled by satisfying through subcategorization which required syntactic and therefore requires computing syntactic through identification of the object requires to complement the element project. It determines the object that results in the labelling otherwise, "no head-complement relation" in this sentence. Based on considerations, as stated by Boškovi? (2021), argues for labelling “head-complement merger that has been immediately done, which resolves the issue regarding spell-out points. A merger of the words in the Korean language includes the “two non-minimal projections, in which the interface structure has been labelled and sent.
Figure 2: Syntactic Tree structure for Korean Language
The above figure has highlighted the syntactic tree structure for Korean language and it is demonstrated the direct objective noun has contained the embedded sentence like “must be proud of. In addition to that, the subordinator is not present in this sentence hence, in the syntactic tree the subordinator has not been placed which is not affecting the quality of Korean language. Without any kind of breakdown, syntactic tree has shown a relationship between the constituents with five different types of distinct phases in a sentence.
Treating labels with “head-complement/head-phrase as well as a head position phrase merges differently in the former point in “one element and the head which is essential for automatic projects. This makes sense labelling that drive as subcategorization. Neither element that merges undergoing projects by itself, this means that both are not dominant. As mentioned by Hardy et al. (2023), automatic nature essentially keeps for the former that substantially changes only at the latter phase. The locality domain notion contributes to an efficient design. It has been already noticed earlier that only a limited amount of span can be detected by syntactic dependencies. The linguistic theory explains that syntactic dependencies have locally been treated as phases.
The goal is to use minimal, optimal and “efficient computational systems. Korean uses the phase theory that combines multiple “spell-out hypotheses. In this hypothesis, the syntax interacts throughout the “syntactic derivation with the interfaces. As stated by Bross (2020), minimalist syntax application in sentence framing helps in understanding its application that is actively used in making a syntactic with the effective application of the EPP, gender identification, Syntactic has been labelled which is applied in this scenario. The EPP has been identified using a Syntactic tree.
The scenario, suggested from the sentence that it is subcategorised as effective and labelled by satisfying through subcategorization which required syntactic and therefore requires computing syntactic through identification of the object requires to complement the element project. The syntax used in this aspect reflects the optimal use through which the Korean language has been used using different grammar which is linked with emotions. The sentence explains the ground on which the minimalist program has been isolated through accomplishing syntax interactions by syntactic objects number that limits derivation where the syntactic structure is achieved through transferring the part of interfaces during the “syntactic derivation. The transferred parts that have been observed in the sentence are unable to access for “further syntactic operations.
German Language syntax explanation
The translation of “Hans must be proud of his mother sentence into German language is “Hans muss stolz auf seine Mutter Sein. In the text “Hans muss stolz auf seine Mutter Sein, it is evaluated that the “head position parameter in the German language has some head that precedes complements. It gives rise to the “head-first structure while others follow the “head-last structure. As opined by Murphy (2020), German has talked about the language in which prepositions, complementisers and determiners that proceed with canonical verbs acknowledge the “main and auxiliary. In German language, muss is the finite verb, where Hans is the subject whereas “stolz auf seine Mutter Sein is the complement. The syntax used in grammar in the German aspect reflects that Sein refers to the infinite verb, and “stolz auf seine Mutter refers to its complement. Stolz in this sentence is an adjective, “auf seine Mutter referring to its complement. Auf refers to the preposition, seine Mutter refers to its complement. Seine refers to the determiner and Mutter refers to its complement. From this, it is analysed that complement, preposition and determiners have been found in the sentence. It reflects that the preceded is followed by the complements. Similarly, according to Vu et al. (2019), all the verbs that are evaluated in the sentence have followed or are not complements. This reflects that the head of the first verb pays attention to generalisations per head position.
Figure 3: Syntactic tree structure for German Language
The lexical term that has been identified uses “canonical head first position with prepositional phrases. As suggested by Warstadt et al.(2020), structural terms have undergone that mask with German which is traditional with the infinite verb of its canonical position with subject explanation verb with the clause with immediate with the subject within the settings into "head position parameters" with "adjective phrase in German". Minimalist syntax is an application in a sentence which is also framing procedure and it assists in understanding the application which has been actively used for making syntactic tree structure with an effective application procedure of the “EPP, gender identification. In addition to that, syntactic tree is labelled and it has been applied in this segment for developing the tree in a proper way. The EPP has been identified using a Syntactic tree. The scenario, suggested from the sentence that it is subcategorised as effective and labelled by satisfying through subcategorization which required syntactic and therefore requires computing syntactic through identification of the object requires to complement the element project. As referred to by Brodahl (2022), the linguistic theory explains that syntactic dependencies have locally been treated as phases. The goal is to use minimal, optimal and “efficient computational systems. Korean uses the phase theory that combines multiple “spell-out hypotheses. In this hypothesis, the syntax interacts throughout the “syntactic derivation with the interfaces.
As stated by Bross (2020), accomplishes syntax interactions by syntactic objects number limit derivation where the syntactic structure is achieved through transferring the part of interfaces during the “syntactic derivation. The transferred parts that have been observed in the sentence are unable to access for “further syntactic operations. There are sets of grammatical rules which have been used to break sentences into their component parts, such as the "subject", "verb", "object", and "modifiers". In this essay, the syntax analysis is performed by using this sentence like "Hans must be proud of his mother" in English language. As stated by Wang (2023), the "EPP" is addressed as an "extended projection principle. On that note, it is utilized like a "linguistic theory", and it has suggested all sentences which have contained several kinds of "specific functional categories", which are including "TP" or "tense phrase" and also "CP or "complementizer phrase". Moreover, it has been observed that all those functional categories have to be projected with the help of hierarchical order for developing this specific sentence.
However, it has been observed that, this sentence like "Hans must be proud of his mother" is not containing any kind of evidence regarding the functional categories which are beyond all "lexical categories" like "Hans," "must," "be"," "proud," "of," and "his". As a result, it has been addressed as it is very difficult for identifying any kind of "EPP features" for developing this sentence. On the other hand, in German language, syntactic tree has contained several kinds of structures which have imposed sets based on grammatical rules and those have been utilized for breaking sentences in all its elementary parts, like the "subject", "verb", "object", and "modifiers". Henceforth, based on this essay the syntax analysis is performed by using this sentence "Hans must be proud of his mother" in English language.
Conclusion
From this essay, it can be contributed that each language has its own emotions that reflect on choosing the words. This leads to an emphasis on the empirical consequences through the Minimalist approach using this innovative analysis. It helps in highlighting the Minimalist syntax importance in explaining natural language features. Korean and German language has been included in the chosen sentence. It helps in “major syntactic processes that lead to syntacticians.
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