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Task 1
This is to inform you that based on your health issues and lack of certain growth factors, it is necessary to maintain a good nutritional diet that contains all the six ingredients of a balanced meal. Good nutrition incorporates optimum value to the body to meet its required nutrition level, vitamins and also the mineral elements. It helps in promoting the growth and development of the body, bones and muscles and also boosts up the immunity to fight against infections (Volkert et al., 2019). It is always necessary to plan a proper meal and snacks, which includes nutritionally adhered meals that are mostly calorie-free. Now that it has been acknowledged the need for nutritional requirements with a healthy balanced diet, the necessity and importance of this diet need to be cleared as well. With your health condition and increased overweight, it is essential to acknowledge the important contribution of a healthy diet in your meal and also the importance of proper maintenance. Good nutrition not only helps in maintaining a healthy body weight but systematically maintains the following credentials:
Based on your current health status, it has been observed that you are suffering from cardiac problems, numb feeling in one leg, frequent suffering from the cold, lower energy level and high cholesterol. While judging the issues, it is understandable that you need to maintain a proper healthy diet in your meals so as to provide sufficient energy and immunity to prevent the underlying disease mostly observed in your age (Marcolini et al., 2018). However, before indulging in your proper diet maintenance record, it is important to recognize the necessity of each component that constitutes a meal. It includes carbohydrate that provides energy and should be consumed based on body's requirement; protein, to be uptake at least one-fourth of the diet and must include fish, beans and meat (once in a week); avoid lipid-free or fat-free milk or consume a low-fat diet. The consumption of high fat can be the cause of being overweight with high cholesterol levels. It is necessary to consume fruits and vegetables on a daily basis for vitamins and minerals. And finally, for an adult, it is important to drink 2.7 L of water every day (Ene-Obong et al., 2019). It is a routine criterion for a healthy diet and roughage consumption to have an optimum health condition and thus need to be retained with an efficient diet chart.
The essential role of vitamins and minerals can be acknowledged to a greater extent among all the nutrient components since it promotes or influences maximum growth and development of the body. It helps in performing different activities in an active manner on a daily basis. However, a fine line can be recognized between adequate consumption and overconsumption of these nutrients. The consumption of a proper diet can always incorporate the necessary amount that the body needs to adhere to vitamin and mineral elements. According to your medical record, it is necessary to have some supplements for both vitamins and minerals because of the issue of tight muscle and other complications (Baillie et al., 2018). It is understandable, based on your health record, that there is a need for an optimum and proper balanced diet. However, the consistent approach to vitamin supplements along with minerals is some of the minor contributors. Further, you need to drink a sufficient amount of water, possibly 2.7 L that is mostly required by a grown woman with an appropriate level of physical activities.
Further understanding about your job stress at a higher level can promote a negative impact on your health if not taken good care of with efficient maintenance of a proper diet. The necessity and importance of a healthy meal and its basic requirements four times a day can essentially help in mitigating the current issues of your health. The necessary understanding of the factors and profuse contemplation of the same in incorporating good nutrition can have a critical impact on your health effectively over the issues. Thus, the information provided in this mail might assist you in understanding the importance of good nutrition and also instigates the information that you need to acquire the necessary information about your health requirements.
Thank you
With Regards
Name
Meals |
Protein |
Carbohydrate |
Fat |
Vitamin |
kCal |
Mineral |
Breakfast: Kiwi/watermelon Potato (small size) or kernel Banana with skimmed milk tomatoes |
0 |
10 g (in the form of starch); energy |
0 |
A-C |
40 |
Fibre and potassium |
Lunch: Papaya A large bowl containing cabbage soup Banana and skimmed milk 250 g meat with tomatoes Vegetarian dish |
65.82 g |
0 |
48.85 g |
A, B (folate), K, C |
0.72 |
Potassium and calcium |
Snack: Coconut water 2.4 average-sized tomatoes Cabbage soup |
0 |
0 |
10 g |
A, K, C and folate |
20 |
Magnesium, potassium and fibre |
Dinner: Guava or berries Broccoli 1 cup Two large bananas with low-fat milk One bowl of tomato soup One bowl of cabbage soup |
5 mg |
10 g (all in the form of sugar) for energy |
0 |
A, B, C, D and K |
16.4 |
Calcium, potassium, fibre |
The efficiency of nutrient components in a diet, which includes carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamin, minerals and roughage, generally promotes a generous amount of nutritional value according to their necessities or requirements in the body. The essentials like carbohydrate, protein and lipid constitute nearly 90% of the overall dry weight value for the meal and 100% energy requirement credential. On the other hand, vitamins and minerals are considered to be the micronutrient properties of a diet that provides the roughage factor and promotes cellular activities in the body. The macronutrients essentially digested within the intestine and generally break down into their corresponding smaller units, i.e.
Now, constituting the thoughts about specific functions of these macronutrients, it is necessary to understand the appropriate needs of the body with sufficient amounts of these constituents. In a specific way, the body needs these units to build certain substances for proper growth and development, maintenance of various activities and other catalytic activities.
(c)
Disorders |
Cause |
Diagnosis |
Treatment |
Prognosis |
Osteoporosis |
Reduced level of calcium intake- Likely to occur due to calcium imbalance which contributes to a diminished level of bone density with an early loss in bone weight and increased risk for the fracturing of bones and sprains Eating Disorder- This mainly arises when an individual fails to maintain a proper diet and also impacts through skipping meals resulting in underweight. Gastrointestinal surgery- It mainly indicates the losses arise due to surgical procedure where the surface area within the GI tract that prevents the adequate intake of nutrients and their proper digestion (especially calcium) |
The proper diagnosis for osteoporosis to understand the actual condition of the bone or chances of fracture essentially involves bone scanning, where the main credential is determined through "bone mineral density (BMD)" measurement. It is mainly performed with the application of dual-energy induced X-ray absorptiometry or even bone densitometry. |
The essential understanding of the treatment procedure involves proper medication as follows: Bisphosphonates Calcitonin Hormonal therapy |
It involves early detection of bone density with proper interventions. It can be induced with proper exercise, a calcium-enriched diet and proper following of medication. |
Tetany |
Typically identified through muscle cramps and tremors Uncontrollable contraction of muscles with long, painful muscle cramps Main cause due to lower level of calcium, also known as hypoglycaemia. Compared to osteoporosis, it mainly occurred in muscle and effect may cause renal problems and diarrhoea. |
Diagnosis usually confirms a reduced calcium level in the blood. In this case, the blood level adhered to parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, magnesium and phosphorus generally helps in identifying the causes of tetany. |
Compared to medications required in osteoporosis, the disorder requires the intravenous (IV) measure for replacing the calcium level. While incorporating calcium repletion, the magnesium level must be maintained to mitigate the issue related to "treatment-resistant hypercalcaemia." |
There is no prognostic induction treatment for tetany as compared to osteoporosis. However, taking frequent breaks and reducing work pressure can help in controlling unnecessary muscle cramps and tremors in different regions of the body. |
Rickets |
A common issue in softening and weakening of bones in children due to higher and longer duration of deficiency of vitamin D. Similar features lie in understanding the affected organ for both osteoporosis and rickets. Symptoms arise due to vitamin D and calcium deficiency in both cases Rickets mainly occurs in children, while osteoporosis and tetany are observed in adult or adolescent individuals The ticket can also be considered as an inherited disorder |
Diagnosis mainly involves blood tests and X-ray based intervention. Key findings involve lower calcium and phosphorus level in the body with a continuous elevation of alkaline phosphatase. X-ray of bone sometimes shows the areas where there is a deficiency in calcium and Vitamin D which thereby resulted in bone deformation. |
The inference of treatment for rickets children mainly contemplated depending on the conditions of the disorder. It can be illustrated with the fact that if there is lacking or deficiency of vitamin D in the meal, then the treatment initially involves a proper diet with an adequate amount of calcium and calcitonin. Consequently, if the disorder is inherited, then an appropriate treatment intervention is needed. |
The prognostic treatment involves an appropriate diet and regular exercise under direct sunlight. In other term, sunlight is considered to be the natural source of vitamin D. |
Task 2
Explanatory Notes for Digestive SystemThe integrative knowledge about the digestive system constitutes the main recognition of the gastrointestinal tract that is also known as the GI tract, or in a specific way, the digestive tract. It consists of the liver, pancreas and also the gallbladder (Boleto et al., 2018). The gastrointestinal tract follows a series of activities that are administered by different organs involved within the digestive system. It can be explained as a series of an idea to hollow organs that are interconnected as a long and twisting tube starting from the mouth and going down a long process, ultimately to the anus. The digestive tract induces a series of steps that result in proper digestion of food and hence considered to be important while considering the nutritional needs of the body from those food particles and why they produce energy e to perform certain activities and also staying healthy (Meegoda et al., 2018). The nutritional components that are digested and undergo the process of digestion eventually break into smaller components to extract the necessary juices and nutrients for growth and development and also to induce the cellular mechanism.
|
Task 3
The process of lipid metabolism initiates in the intestinal wall where the injection of triglycerides rockers and breaks down into smaller components, preferably fatty acids, and ultimately into monoglyceride molecules true pancreatic light basis (Heine et al, 2018). When the food reaches the small intestine as chyme, the release of a digestive hormone, also known as cholecystokinin (CCK), occurs within the intestinal mucosa. CCK then induces signals to the brain, which thereby act as part of a hunger suppressant.
The process of lipolysis exaggerates through proper breaking down of fat and triglycerides with the mechanism of hydrolysis to provide energy through two significant components that are fatty acids as well as glycerol (Jin et al, 2020). It generally occurs in the cytoplasm. The resultant fatty acids are then oxidized through beta-oxidation to acetyl CoA. It is used in the mechanism of the Krebs cycle.
Further, deamination involves the elimination of an amino group from a particular nitro molecule. In the human body, the process of deamination primarily occurs in the hepatic system, especially in the liver and also in the renal organ, kidney. The amino group that is released from the amino acid is then converted into ammonia (Weir, et al, 2018). This ammonia is then further converted to urea and uric acid through enzymatic activity with the addition of CO2 molecules during the urea cycle.
Task 4
Renal vein
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Superior Renal Capsule
Renal pyramid
Nephron
Renal sinus
(b) The urinary tract or the urinary system mainly consists of two bean-shaped kidneys, two distinct ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra. The main configuration of the structure of the kidney involves the specific location on the posterior region of the abdominal wall, just above the waist level. The shape of the kidney is similar to that of beans and is roughly 9-10 cm in length and 4-5cm in width (Kintscher et al, 2020). It has been encased within a fibrous capsule in the exterior region, also known as the renal capsule. The associative function of the kidney involves specific control of blood volume and its composition. It also helps in proper filtration of blood and other components with significant removal of waste products, salt and water through ultrafiltration and reabsorption process. In the last step, the overall components are secreted as a form of urinal composition and faecal matter.
While viewing internally, the gross structure or anatomy of the kidney composed of an external layer of the exterior cortex which is then surrounded by the interior medulla, the region of the medulla is composed of certain triangular pyramids that are also known as medulla re pyramids and form the striped appearance due to the composition of microscopic coiled tubules known as a reference. It is considered to be the functional or structural unit of the kidney. The urinal components are formulated by the nephrons and then pass into the collecting ducts. These ducts then essentially merge into the base of the pyramidal structure and thereby form the renal papilla.
The real integuments of papilla then drain out the urine from the "cup-like structure", also known as "major and minor calyces". Further from calyces, the urinal components are drained out into a wide region known as renal that acts as a funnel-like structure to filter the urine from the kidney to the ureter.
The typical production of urea mainly takes place in the liver, where it is then regulated by the assistance of N-acetyl glutamate. The proper dissolving of urea then occurred in the blood, where the reference dissolving scale ranges from 2.5 to 6.7 mmol per litre. It is then further transported as well as excreted by the kidney as part of the components of urine.
The external region of the kidney, also known as the renal cortex, is a granulated structure that mainly consists of the structural unit of the kidney that is the nephron. In the interior structure of the kidney that is renal medulla composed of a multi-complex unit of tissue masses that are triangular in shape and specifically known as renal pyramids full stop within the renal pyramids, there is an extension that suggestively made up space within and hence considered as renal columns which typically initiates the blood flow through the passage of the blood vessels.
Myocytes
Efferent arteriole
Podocyte
Glomerulus Capillaries
Mesangium
Proximal tubule
Glomerulus capsule
Renal corpuscle
The initiation of ultrafiltration proceeds in nephrons in the kidney. The blood flows from the glomerulus that is surrounded by a capsule-like structure called a bowman's capsule. The hydrostatic pressure present within the capsule allows the smaller molecules to pass from the blood within the capillaries across the podocytes and leaves the capsule. The fluid present in the capsule is considered as 'filtrate' that essentially enters the proximal convoluted tubule that permits reabsorption of glucose as well as amino acids. It is then passed from the loop of Henle, where salts are transferred and create an osmotic gradient for water absorption. Sodium and potassium ions are then formed from the loop to reduce the water potential. The water volume is then further observed within the collecting ducts, where it is controlled by several hormones known as antidiuretic hormones or ADH. Thus, the ultimate filtrate which is extracted from the glomerulus is urine which is then excreted out from the kidney.
iii) False
The process of selective reabsorption is considered to be the second mechanism where water is further filtered from the blood and finally converted to urine. It mainly involves the re-uptake of substances that are present in the filtrate and normally occurs within the convoluted tubule (both proximal & distal). The major portion of this reabsorption takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and extends from the elaborated region of Bowman's capsule.
The PCT contributes with microvilli within the cell lining that increases the significant process of reabsorption of different substances with an increase in surface area for proper filtrate absorption.
The permeability of sodium chloride is actively incorporated through the ascending loop while restricting the movement of water to generate the osmotic gradient upto 200 mOsm per kg.
The selection in osmolarity can be sensed through osmoreceptors present in the hypothalamus that then stimulates the release of the ADH hormone. It eventually acts upon nephrons to lower the level of plasma osmolarity and elevates the level of urine osmolarity.
Reference list
Journals
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Al Rekhawi, H.A., Abu Ayyad, A. and Abu-Naser, S.S., 2017. Rickets Expert System Diagnoses and Treatment.
Baek, J.W., Kim, J.C., Chun, J. and Chung, K., 2019. Hybrid clustering based health decision-making for improving dietary habits. Technology and Health Care, 27(5), pp.459-472.
Baillie, J., Anagnostou, D., Sivell, S., Van Godwin, J., Byrne, A. and Nelson, A., 2018. Symptom management, nutrition and hydration at end-of-life: a qualitative exploration of patients’, carers’ and health professionals’ experiences and further research questions. BMC palliative care, 17(1), pp.1-13.
Baroni, L., Goggi, S. and Battino, M., 2019. Planning well-balanced vegetarian diets in infants, children, and adolescents: the vegplate junior. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 119(7), p.1074.
Boleto, G., Guignabert, C., Pezet, S., Cauvet, A., Sadoine, J., Tu, L., Nicco, C., Gobeaux, C., Batteux, F., Allanore, Y. and Avouac, J., 2018. T-cell costimulation blockade is effective in experimental digestive and lung tissue fibrosis. Arthritis research & therapy, 20(1), pp.1-12.
Cena, H. and Calder, P.C., 2020. Defining a healthy diet: evidence for the role of contemporary dietary patterns in health and disease. Nutrients, 12(2), p.334.
Ene-Obong, H., Schönfeldt, H.C., Campaore, E., Kimani, A., Mwaisaka, R., Vincent, A., El Ati, J., Kouebou, P., Presser, K., Finglas, P. and Charrondiere, U.R., 2019. Importance and use of reliable food composition data generation by nutrition/dietetic professionals towards solving Africa's nutrition problem: constraints and the role of FAO/INFOODS/AFROFOODS and other stakeholders in future initiatives. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 78(4), pp.496-505.
Goel, V., Gupta, G.K., Chauhan, V. and Nijhawan, S., 2020. Tetany as the Presenting Symptom of Celiac Disease. Tropical Gastroenterology, 40(2), pp.70-72.
Heine, M., Fischer, A.W., Schlein, C., Jung, C., Straub, L.G., Gottschling, K., Mangels, N., Yuan, Y., Nilsson, S.K., Liebscher, G. and Chen, O., 2018. Lipolysis triggers a systemic insulin response essential for efficient energy replenishment of activated brown adipose tissue in mice. Cell metabolism, 28(4), pp.644-655.
Jahns, L., Davis-Shaw, W., Lichtenstein, A.H., Murphy, S.P., Conrad, Z. and Nielsen, F., 2018. The history and future of dietary guidance in America. Advances in Nutrition, 9(2), pp.136-147.
Jin, H., Lee, K., Chei, S., Oh, H.J., Lee, K.P. and Lee, B.Y., 2020. Ecklonia stolonifera Extract Suppresses Lipid Accumulation by Promoting Lipolysis and Adipose Browning in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Male Mice. Cells, 9(4), p.871.
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Kintscher, U., Foryst-Ludwig, A., Haemmerle, G. and Zechner, R., 2020. The role of adipose triglyceride lipase and cytosolic lipolysis in cardiac function and heart failure. Cell Reports Medicine, 1(1), p.100001.
Marcolini, E.G., Putnam, A.T. and Aydin, A., 2018. Focus: Nutrition and Food Science: History and Perspectives on Nutrition and Hydration at the End of Life. The Yale journal of biology and medicine, 91(2), p.173.
Meegoda, J.N., Li, B., Patel, K. and Wang, L.B., 2018. A review of the processes, parameters, and optimization of anaerobic digestion. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(10), p.2224.
Raimann, A., Mindler, G.T., Kocijan, R., Bekes, K., Zwerina, J., Haeusler, G. and Ganger, R., 2020. Multidisciplinary patient care in X?linked hypophosphatemic rickets: one challenge, many perspectives. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, 170(5), pp.116-123.
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