Task 1: Design an experiment addressing the issue of rehabilitation in prisons or probation
Research Question and Hypothesis
Research question: How do vocational training events influence people's rehabilitation prohibition or prison?
Hypothesis: Vocational training session’s participation effectively leads to people's rehabilitation on probation and in prisons.
Introduction
Mbatha and Al, (2019) opined that vocational training and learning significantly affect rehabilitation in prison persons. Incorporating a research guideline that demonstrates vocational events' influence on prison persons' rehabilitations. The method incorporated in this research is rigorous assessment with proper prison settings. The finding demonstrated its positive influence on rehabilitation. This research provides information about the influence of vocational training highlighting its criminal justice relevancy aspect.
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On the other hand, the research of Meritxell Pérez Ramírez et al., (2022) investigated psychological and socio-graphic distinction between offenders' and criminals' non-biased perceptions by investigating the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs on prison Persons. The research also conducts an in-depth analysis that provides findings of offender groups' different characteristics. It highlights rehabilitation initiatives tailoring significance. The investigation supplies proper guidance to acknowledge individualized initiative requirements for the success of rehabilitation events in identifying different prisoner profiles.
Rautta and Ogolla, (2019) conducted research on rehabilitation events' influence on juvenile behaviour. The research has been conducted by using the “international journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology” which helps to convey the research toward efficacy. The research highlights rehabilitation's impact and significance in understanding child offenders' behaviour supplying valuable inside that is crucial to understanding the program's overall effectiveness from child prisoner to adult prisoner.
References
Mbatha, C.M. and Al, E. (2019). How Effective is Vocational Education and Training for Rehabilitation in Kenyan Prisons? A Study Protocol. erepository.uoeld.ac.ke. [online] Available at: http://erepository.uoeld.ac.ke/handle/123456789/1052 [Accessed 21 Oct. 2022].
Meritxell Pérez Ramírez, Chiclana, S., Méndez, R.C. and Suárez, A. (2022). Sociodemographic and psycho social Differences Between Hate Crime Offenders and Other Non-Bias-Motivated Criminals: Implications for Prison Rehabilitation Programs. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, pp.0306624X2211322–0306624X2211322. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624x221132235.
Rautta, S. and Ogolla, M. (2019). Rehabilitation Programs on the Behavior of Juveniles in Manga Children’s Remand Home, Nyamira County -Kenya. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, [online] 4(8). Available at: https://ijisrt.com/assets/upload/files/IJISRT19AUG1001.pdf [Accessed 23 Nov. 2023].
Proposed methods:
Design: Experimental design incorporation helps hepatitis appoint the participant in the aspect of either a control group achieving proper rehabilitation service level or the experimental team considered vocational training. This type of design helps to supply findings that make a comparison between two units supplying information about vocational training influences on offender or rehabilitation.
Participants: In this research, about 150 people will participate that are relevant within the context and maintain different representations. Random selection has been made to select participants. The people who possess different offence histories will be considered here as an inclusion criterion that is valuable to increase research external validity (Al-Ababneh, 2020).
Procedure: A 6th-month vocational training event has been conducted for the participant that highlights their ability development.
Ethical issues: During the conduction of the research confidentiality of participants and voluntary exit will be considered to maintain the integrity of the research (Ratih Hurriyati, 2019). Ethics approval has been taken from related authorities that help to maintain participants' rights and provide protection.
Figure 1: Percentage comparison between Non-biased and bias-motivated offenders
Figure 2: mean comparison between non-biased and bias-motivated offenders in psychological measures
Results
Table 1 demonstrated the socio-demographic difference between biased and non-biased motivated offenders. In comparison to non-bias offender and hate crime offenders, the non-bias offenders shows reside with origin (χ2(2)=12.371, p<.05, Φ=.35), limited life partner relationship (χ2(2)=9.538, p<.05, Φ=.23) and employment stability (χ2(2)=3.784, p<.05, Φ=.43). On the other hand the head crime of shows a powerful gang involvement association. While the second table represents a different pattern in that hate crime people reflect reactive aggregation in high level (t(68)=2.10; p=.002, d=0.50) and substance prejudice and active aggregation (t(68)=1.69; p=.004, d=0.41) with prejudiced attitude social dominance, and homophobia in comparison to the other offenders. No distinct and can be noticed between prejudiced behaviour to disabled persons that signifies psychological differentiation relevant to head crime mindset.
SPSS Output
Discussion: One significant discussion and the` point is its larger societal influence in funding in vocational training events for different offenders. An effective reduction can be noticed in rehabilitation scores in case the hypothetical is released for participants. Therefore it has been recommended that such types of events have contributed to people's rehabilitation and also have a significant influence on reintrigation and public safety. This type of negative can demonstrate the possible social and economic supporting advantage of making the training initiative significant growth within the crime justice dynamic.
Limitations: The methodology has multiple advantages however it comes with some limitations that can be found in the area of finding general liability generalizability. The research only focuses on a particular demographic which can limit the result in the aspect of different demographic segment incorporation and understanding large often history aspect (Ratih Hurriyati, 2019). Therefore it is essential to understand the vocational training effectiveness that can differ from population to population and exercised caution needs to be maintained during finding exploration in a larger context.
Future research
The future of the research lies in its next research conduction and gaining appropriate findings that can incorporate the implementation of long-term assessment to monitor vocational training's influence on rehabilitation findings. Along with that possible moderating elements exploration can also impact the efficiency of the program such as duration motivation and others that can supply actionable information for monitoring the strategy.
Task 2: Design a correlational study investigating personality disorders and criminality
Research Question and Hypothesis
Research question: Is there any significant connection noticed between personality disorder and criminal thinking attributes?
Hypothesis: personality disorders' maximum level will significantly co-ordinate with pronounced criminal thinking attributes in prisoners
Introduction
Shabahrami, Farideh and Fard, (2019) develop research that investigates on the relationship between criminal thinking approaches and personality disorder through investigating violent criminals. In order to investigate this connection the author incorporated descriptive co-ordination research. The findings of the research demonstrated the nuanced distinction between criminal thinking and personality disorder. The author also highlights a significant connection that reveals that distinct criminal thinking styles can guide violent crime occurrence.
On the other hand, the research of Shahbahrami and Dokanehifard, (2019) reviews a competition between male versus female prisoners of violent crime conviction with the understanding connection between criminal thinking and personality disorder. The method that has been incorporated in the research is the convenience sampling method in that the sample size is 996. The author's research reveals that in the aspect of committing violent crime, the male rate is higher than the female prisoner rate.
The research of Abuozari and Mozhdehi, (2020) focused on the intricacies ubetween criminal thinking emotional intelligence and mental disorders. Hair ko relation research method has been taken for statistical analysis. The findings highlight the relationship of mental disorders and emotional intelligence. It also highlights the positive link between criminal thinking and mental disorder while highlighting a negative link between criminal thinking and emotional intelligence.
References
Shabahrami, M., Farideh, D.-I. and Fard (2019). ORIGINAL RESEARCH Investigating the relationship between personality disorders and criminal thinking styles in prisoners convicted of violent crimes. [online] Available at: http://pajoohande.sbmu.ac.ir/files/site1/user_files_8ac538/admin-A-10-1-1033-d756118.pdf [Accessed 13 Dec. 2023].
Shahbahrami, M.H. and Dokanehifard, F. (2019). Comparing Personality Disorders and Criminal Thinking Styles in Male and Female Prisoners Convicted of Violent Crimes. Avicenna Journal of Neuro Psycho Physiology, [online] 6(3), pp.103–112. doi:https://doi.org/10.32598/ajnpp.6.3.188.1.
Abuozari, M. and Mozhdehi, M. (2020). The relationship between mental disorders, emotional intelligence and criminal thinking. International Journal of Medical Investigation, [online] 9(3), pp.37–48. Available at: http://intjmi.com/browse.php?a_id=514&sid=1&slc_lang=en [Accessed 13 Dec. 2023].
Proposed methods
Design: A correlation research will be function to investigate the link between criminal thinking and personality disorder. The design will be followed for association investigation without altering any variables.
Participants: The study will incorporate nearly 200 people both female and male posing serious crime. The inclusion measures need to consider people's backgrounds including their experience and history of different offences to increase result generalizability.
Procedure: A validated assessment will be done to understand the complications between criminal thinking and personality disorder (Durdella, 2019). The data collection will be conducted through correctional measurement maintaining representative sample inclusion.
Ethical consideration: The study will incorporate appropriate ethical guideline follow-up to maintain participants' confidential autonomy. Providing informed consent to convey the narrative of research conduction consequences and benefits. It also helps to reduce possible harm associated with research conduction (Kothari, 2021). Related ethical observation approval help to maintain participants well well-being and right throughout research conduction
Hypothetical Data
Table: Personality disorder and crime types
Results
The research hypothesis investigated the correlation between crime and personality disorder in the context of the offender. The research findings indicate that there are some disorder can be noticed in violent crime that demonstrates effective variation considering on mental disorder types. On the other hand, the exploration of the connection between criminal perspective and crime incidents reflects that the perspective can differ along with the crime type. On the other hand the genetic disorder context different prevalence trends among female and male criminals can be noticed. Some of them shows gender prevalence demonstrating women and men prisoners disorder profile who are convicted of severe crime is act as heterogeneous. The research also explores that the the frequency of the crime commitment is aligned with criminal thinking that can be relevant to their history background or experience. The research result makes a high contribution toward nuance acknowledgement of the intricacies between violent crime style, criminals' perspective and gender.
SPSS Output
Discussion: A significant discussion point of this research is criminals' prejudiced attitudes, particularly in the context of hate crime offenders. The outcome also recommended that the perpetrator reflects subtle prejudice at a high level as compared to the other offender or non-biased offender. This increased question about bias is indirect subtitle and expression. That can challenge overtly hated classical notions. It could also provide information about finding applications for effective intervention achievement highlighting the identification of prejudice subtle formation to eliminate crime.
Limitation: The research poses limited self-reported information and data for understanding psychological aspects. All of the engaged participants can be underreported in the aspect of undesirable attributes that can supply biased responses. This could also influence result accuracy, especially in the case of prejudiced attitudes that act as a sensitive element. Including new medals data resources and examining the sources can heavy helpful to eliminate this limitation and lead the research to expand its exploration in the psychological aspect.
Future research
The future of the research lies in exploring targeted prejudice subtle form observance through effective intervention in the aspect of head crime perpetrators. Along with that potential and societal elements influence investigation on particular criminal thinking approaches and can be helpful to increase the understanding with guiding proper information that is valuable to develop prevention initiatives.
Task 3: Design a qualitative study on victims of crime
Research Question and main aim
Research questions: How does the crime victim face and perceive responses of the criminal justice to harassment, stocking and partner abuse?
Main aim: The research's main purpose is to investigate and acknowledge the crime victims' experience concentrating on their experience with the criminal justice system in the aspect of harassment, stocking and partner abuse.
Introduction
The research of Copies et al. (2020) reviews a qualitative content analysis of criminal journals that supply a comprehensive methodologically appropriate overview of victims' experiences. The research has been conducted through thematic analysis by reviewing 17 journals on criminal justice. The research findings supply basic patterns of victims' thought processes. The author also reveals that there is a limited journal that has been possessed on this aspect that supplies efficient information about the context. On the other hand Taylor-Dunn, Bowen and Gilchrist, (2018)’s research reveals that big teams are experienced severe harassment in the UK. The research was conducted by surveying 35 people in that 14 people were engaged in an online survey and 21 people were engaged in an interview. The findings of the research demonstrated a lack of responses from the police and limited action of the police that made a blamed sense in the victim. Additionally, the research of (Lysova et al., 2020) reveals that the criminal justice system has a significant role in maintaining victim safety from different abuse and harassment, particularly from partner abuse. The research has been done through thematic analysis that demonstrates negative gender paradigm within responses of criminal justice. The research also provides information about gender-inclusive justice relevancy in responding to criminal incidents that has been identified in IPA.
References
Copes, H., Beaton, B., Ayeni, D., Dabney, D. and Tewksbury, R. (2020). A Content Analysis of Qualitative Research Published in Top Criminology and Criminal Justice Journals from 2010 to 2019. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 45(6), pp.1060–1079. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09540-6.
Taylor-Dunn, H., Bowen, E. and Gilchrist, E.A. (2018). Reporting Harassment and Stalking to the Police: A Qualitative Study of Victims’ Experiences. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(11-12), p.088626051881142. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518811423.
Lysova, A., Hanson, K., Hines, D.A., Dixon, L., Douglas, E.M. and Celi, E.M. (2020). A Qualitative Study of the Male Victims’ Experiences With the Criminal Justice Response to Intimate Partner Abuse in Four English-Speaking Countries. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 47(10), pp.1264–1281. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854820927442.
Proposed methods
The research will incorporate crime victims per positive sample that can be investigated for understanding victims' experience in the context of stalking, harassment and abuse. The participant recruitment will be done through Legal aid providers law enforcement services and big teen support corporations (Belov and Novikov, 2020). The sample will possess differentiation in terms of ethnicity gender location and victimization types.
Procedure: Semi-structured interview has been incorporated to collect the data. It also helps to permit the participant to their experience through open communication. The interview needs to be conducted in a positive and comfortable environment that can help to encourage victims to share their experiences (Kothari, 2021). The exploration of interaction with the victim will be done through proper questioning. After gathering data it thematic analysis has been incorporated to address themes and patterns within particular narratives.
Ethical consideration: The researcher needs to contact in following ethical guideline while maintaining the informed consent of the participant. It also maintains the “Data Security Act and Data Privacy Act” to ensure participants considered confidentiality and their voluntary engagement. Participants will be up to date about the research aspect such as consequences, benefits or future applications.
Discussion
Criminal justice responses differentiation: The research can provide proper information about victims' experience differentiation within the criminal justice system by demonstrating support system differentiation. It also highlights on responsiveness of authority and provides proper empathy. Investigating this type of variation can fuel the discussion on recording more significant approaches that are based on victim-centric within the system. The research can also dive into an influential factor that significantly impacts participants' response standards.
Support mechanism influence: Research's fundamental discussion point is support mechanism influence on their point of view. Investigating the support system of victim legal assistant, NGO support and emotional support helps to provide information to understand those factors' significance in the case of victims. The discussion also strengthens the support service that can boost victims' model for seeking justice. Incorporating multi-disciplinary initiatives to identify crime victims specification of this discussion. Therefore this type of harassment demanded stalking and harassment legislation.
Idea(s) for future research
The feature research idealised in its examining victims' experiences of long-term influence on they are lifestyle that hinders the mechanism and their well-being (Lorenz, Kirkner and Ullman, 2019). Investigating the substance influence over the period can supply valuable information about intervention effectiveness in developing informed policy for support services of the victims.
Reference list
Abuozari, M. and Mozhdehi, M. (2020). The relationship between mental disorders, emotional intelligence and criminal thinking. International Journal of Medical Investigation, [online] 9(3), pp.37–48. Available at: http://intjmi.com/browse.php?a_id=514&sid=1&slc_lang=en [Accessed 13 Dec. 2023].
Al-Ababneh, M.M. (2020). Linking Ontology, Epistemology and Research Methodology. Science & Philosophy, 8(1), pp.75–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.23756/sp.v8i1.500.
Belov, M.V. and Novikov, D.A. (2020). Methodology of complex activity : foundations of understanding and modelling. Cham: Springer.
Copes, H., Beaton, B., Ayeni, D., Dabney, D. and Tewksbury, R. (2020). A Content Analysis of Qualitative Research Published in Top Criminology and Criminal Justice Journals from 2010 to 2019. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 45(6), pp.1060–1079. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09540-6.
Durdella, N. (2019). Qualitative dissertation methodology : a guide for research design and methods. Los Angeles ; London ; New Delhi ; Singapore ; Washington, Dc ; Melbourne Sage.
Kothari, B.L. (2021). Research methodology tools and techniques. Jaipur Abd Publ.
Lorenz, K., Kirkner, A. and Ullman, S.E. (2019). A Qualitative Study Of Sexual Assault Survivors’ Post-Assault Legal System Experiences. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 20(3), pp.263–287. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1592643.
Lysova, A., Hanson, K., Hines, D.A., Dixon, L., Douglas, E.M. and Celi, E.M. (2020). A Qualitative Study of the Male Victims’ Experiences With the Criminal Justice Response to Intimate Partner Abuse in Four English-Speaking Countries. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 47(10), pp.1264–1281. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854820927442.
Mbatha, C.M. and Al, E. (2019). How Effective is Vocational Education and Training for Rehabilitation in Kenyan Prisons? A Study Protocol. erepository.uoeld.ac.ke. [online] Available at: http://erepository.uoeld.ac.ke/handle/123456789/1052 [Accessed 21 Oct. 2022].
Meritxell Pérez Ramírez, Chiclana, S., Méndez, R.C. and Suárez, A. (2022). Sociodemographic and psycho social Differences Between Hate Crime Offenders and Other Non-Bias-Motivated Criminals: Implications for Prison Rehabilitation Programs. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, pp.0306624X2211322–0306624X2211322. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624x221132235.
Ratih Hurriyati (2019). Proceedings of the 7th Global Conference on Business, Management, and Entrepreneurship (GCBME 2022). Springer Nature.
Rautta, S. and Ogolla, M. (2019). Rehabilitation Programs on the Behavior of Juveniles in Manga Children’s Remand Home, Nyamira County -Kenya. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, [online] 4(8). Available at: https://ijisrt.com/assets/upload/files/IJISRT19AUG1001.pdf [Accessed 23 Nov. 2023].
Shabahrami, M., Farideh, D.-I. and Fard (2019). ORIGINAL RESEARCH Investigating the relationship between personality disorders and criminal thinking styles in prisoners convicted of violent crimes. [online] Available at: http://pajoohande.sbmu.ac.ir/files/site1/user_files_8ac538/admin-A-10-1-1033-d756118.pdf [Accessed 13 Dec. 2023].
Shahbahrami, M.H. and Dokanehifard, F. (2019). Comparing Personality Disorders and Criminal Thinking Styles in Male and Female Prisoners Convicted of Violent Crimes. Avicenna Journal of Neuro Psycho Physiology, [online] 6(3), pp.103–112. doi:https://doi.org/10.32598/ajnpp.6.3.188.1.
Taylor-Dunn, H., Bowen, E. and Gilchrist, E.A. (2018). Reporting Harassment and Stalking to the Police: A Qualitative Study of Victims’ Experiences. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(11-12), p.088626051881142. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518811423.
