In the present time, the IT industry emerged rapidly with time and the programming language is the main key and a very important part of this industry. With time all these programming languages become more effective and most useful in every field. In the IT industry, there are lots of programming languages among them some languages are the most effective and also used enormously which are Java, Python, C#, and many more. All the programs are developed according to the requirements. First program should be developed so that the user can give their , organizational , salary, and the rate of the tax. The second one shows that the user has to give the correct input when the salary must be in the correct format. Therefore third one is the actual calculator which is able to calculate the tax according to the law of the UK. In this paper, all the design and implementation are discussed in a structured manner.
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Generally, an algorithm is a series of instructions or procedures that are executed to perform a task or resolve a problem (Centobelli et al. 2022). In several branches of computer science, including artificial intelligence, cyber security, and computer programming, algorithms are employed. Therefore an algorithm is made up of a series of ordered, finite steps that are intended to complete a certain task or objective. Here in this assignment generally using Python programming algorithms to accomplish the task. Basically, numerous practical applications, including face detection, medical image analysis, automation of robotic processes natural language processing, and data analysis, using the python programming language. Therefore businesses can create advanced models and algorithms using Python algorithms to better understand consumer behaviour, locate patterns, reach rapid, precise judgments, and others (Schaltegger et al. 2022).
An application's construction may require a number of processes. Identifying the issue which is the initial step that the program is attempting to address and the constraints that it must satisfy are important before any coding can start. Once the problem has been established, some specific steps are to create the algorithm for the application. Generally, Python application development is a multi-step process that includes planning and designing the app, writing the code, and testing it. The application may be made available. In order to do this, the program must be uploaded to a web server, the relevant databases must be created, and the application must then be made accessible to users.
Algorithms are a set of specifications that a system follows in order to get the desired result of a specific task. Hereafter the written programming language is known as code which is basically used to express algorithms and give computer instructions to do the task. After that algorithms and code form the foundation of how computers process and carry out instructions, they are crucial to the development of software. Generally, a computer couldn't work without codes and algorithms (He et al. 2022).
The process of turning an algorithm into a working program code
The process of converting an algorithm, a conceptual description of a computing problem into a precise set of instructions that can be carried out by a computer is known as algorithm implementation. Therefore it entails taking the algorithm and creating the code in a programming language that will carry out the algorithm's instructions and an understanding of the syntax of the programming language as well as the particular methods applied to implement the algorithm (Di Vaio et al. 2023).
Here for this problem statement generally use the Python programming algorithm to execute the algorithm design for the specific task. Therefore the algorithms are basically used to solve the errors in the design. After that when converting an algorithm into a usable program code, testing, and debugging are crucial tasks. Thereafter thorough testing enables problems and flaws to be found and fixed, ensuring that the software functions as intended and yields the expected outcomes.
Sequence algorithm
A sequence algorithm consists of a set of commands that are carried out in a specific order to produce a particular result. Here the variables for this kind of algorithm are typically needed to store data, which may come from user input or program generation, where the input data is then transformed into the desired output by manipulating these variables using a procedure or computation (Naim et al. 2022). In the time of implementing a sequence algorithm, it is crucial to clearly characterize the issue that the algorithm is meant to address and to turn the issue's resolution into a straightforward, computer-followable series of steps. After that the user may be requested for input using an input function, showing the results using an output function, or the output may be written to a directory or database for later use.
Selection algorithm
Generally, an algorithm that includes making choices based on input data is known as a selection algorithm where the variables for this kind of method are often needed to store data, which may come from user input or programmed generation (Kanaan-Jebna et al. 2022). Therefore, based on the results of a process or computation using these variables to evaluate a condition, the program can carry out one or more distinct routes of code. Hereafter it is crucial to precisely describe the criteria that can be assessed before implementing a selection algorithm and to base the program's flow on the results of those assessments (Salam et al. 2022).
The procedure or computation may entail comparing the values of the variables using comparison operators like “less than” or “greater than”, or arithmetic operations like “and” or “or”. Overall, designing a clear and well-organized program flow that is based on a thorough grasp of the input data and the conditions that can be evaluated is essential for successfully executing a selection of algorithms (Turner et al. 2022).
Iteration algorithm
A set of steps are repeated until a particular condition is met in an iteration algorithm where the variables to store data, a procedure or calculation to change the data, and input/output processing are often needed for this kind of algorithm. Loops are used to accomplish the iteration, allowing the programme to repeat the actions up until the condition is met.
One of the most widely used programming languages worldwide is Python. It is used for a wide range of tasks, including system automation and web development. First of all, learning Python is a great first language and it is simple to learn and comprehend thanks to its easy-to-read grammar. Python is also a programming language, which enables it to be used without the need for compilation. This makes it perfect for quick experimentation and prototyping. Therefore it contains an adaptable library of modules that may be used to automate processes, access databases, and carry out intricate computations. It is also quite extendable, allowing for the creation of customized programmers. Python is extremely adaptable and all these applications for several operating systems, including as Windows, Mac, and Linux, can be created using it (Gebreiter et al. 2022).
Python is a language that is open-source. In other words, users have access to the source code and are free to change it however they see fit. This makes it simpler to add new features and tweak existing ones. Overall, Python is a very effective programming language for both beginner and professional programmers. It is potent, portable, object-oriented, open-source, and simple to learn and understand. Python is a fantastic option for a wide range of applications because of all these advantages.
Task 2- Programming Paradigms (Procedural, Object Orientated, and Event Driven)
There are too many methods used to address a particular issue are known as programming paradigms. Therefore it offers a set of norms, principles, and approaches to problem-solving. The different types of programming paradigms include algorithmic, object-oriented, operational, and logic programming. The problem and the desired outcomes determine which programming paradigm can be used (Mowen et al. 2022).
Example of Procedural
A programming paradigm known as procedural programming is built on the idea of the procedure call and is descended from structured programming. Procedures, usually referred to as routines, subroutines, or functions, are essentially collections of computations that must be performed. The main goal of procedural programming is to create a set of function-organized instructions that the machine can follow.
Figure 1: User Requirement
This flow chart of user requirements provides a visual representation where the steps and decisions needed to meet user needs (Astuty et al. 2022). Therefore it typically consists of data flow, procedures, decisions, and inputs and outputs and users may quickly discover the decisions and steps necessary to fulfill their needs using the flow chart. Here the flow chart is basically designed in the “draw.io” software. Prior to the implementation of the requirements, it is also helpful to locate any potential problems or gaps in the procedure. This makes it easier to guarantee that user requirements are addressed quickly and successfully.
Example of Event-Driven Programming
The programming model known as “event-driven programming” places events such as user input like mouse clicks, key presses, and others. After that sensing outputs or messages from other threads or programmers at the center of how the program operates (Thottoli et al. 2022). Therefore an application that responds to events by performing a series of instructions or processes is known as an event-driven application. “Graphical user interface (GUI)” applications frequently use event-driven programming because it enables more natural user interaction with the program.
Figure 2: Valid salary checking
The above diagram is showing the flowchart which can check the inputted salary. The salary must be in integer value (Barker et al. 2022). Any float, string and any other type of data is checked in the conditioner loop and the flow of the program is proceed when the user gives integer value.
Example of Object-Oriented Programming
A programming language approach known as “object-oriented programming (OOP)” centers on objects rather than "actions" and data rather than logic. It is a style of programming that builds models of the real world using abstraction. Therefore, “OOP” languages make it simpler to construct and maintain complex software programs by enabling programmers to create objects that can interact with one another and store data (Asiaei et al. 2022).
Figure 3: Salary calculation
The above diagram shows the actual calculator algorithm flowchart. Here the
Task 3 - Implementation, Testing, and Evaluation.
Implementation
Figure 4: Program implementation
This figure generally displays the Python programming code to implement the tax calculator. Calculating taxes based on the user's current income and expenditures is required for the Python implementation of a tax calculator. The user can be prompted to enter their income and deductions before the program calculates their tax liability. After that, the outcomes of the tax calculation, including the total amount of taxes owed and any applicable tax credits or deductions, can also be provided by the program (Abu Afifa et al. 2022).
Debugging Process
A computer program's bugs are found, isolated, and fixed during the debugging phase. It entails looking at the source code of a program, running it, verifying the output, and checking for any inconsistencies. Here, “Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)” offer debugging capabilities to make debugging simpler. These features include breakpoints, which let the user stop the program's execution at specific locations, a watch window, which lets the user see the values of variables at various points in the program, and a call stack, which identifies where the program is now being executed. Also, the IDE has a debugger mode that enables users to step through the code line by line and examine variables' values and other program elements. The user can quickly find, isolate, and solve faults in their applications by using the debugging tools provided by an IDE.
Figure 5: Program debugging
This figure shows the tax calculator program which is excited by the help of the Python programming language in the Visual Studio software. Here basically shows the debugging process of the application which is mainly a tax calculator. Therefore the code is methodically examined during the debugging process to find any issues or errors. Identifying the issue's root cause and then taking action to address it, aids developers in identifying and fixing vulnerabilities, faults, and bugs. After that for releasing their code, developers can test it to make sure there are no security holes or vulnerabilities. This is done through the debugging process.
Coding Standard
Software developers must follow a set of rules or guidelines when producing code, and these rules are known as coding standards. It ensures that every developer on a project writes code in a standardized manner. For different types of software projects, coding standards are crucial because they can increase the accessibility, maintainability, and dependability of the code. Therefore by making the code simpler to update and modify, coding standards also serve to increase maintainability. After that using a similar design, it is simpler to spot the areas of the code that need to be modified and to find and correct bugs. This makes it easier to modify old code and add new features.
Figure 6: Program debugging
Generally, Coding standards ensure that all code is written in a uniform, simple-to-understand manner, which helps to increase readability. This makes it simpler for developers to read and comprehend each other's code, and it also makes it easier for future developers to understand the reasoning behind the code. It is also simpler to review code and find potential issues when coding styles are consistent. This lowers the possibility of errors and helps to guarantee trustworthy and robust code. Therefore the promotion of best practices, such as adhering to appropriate security protocols and producing platform-independent code, is also aided by good coding standards. Overall, coding standards are crucial to the creation of software. They assist in making certain that all code is created in a consistent manner, making it simpler to comprehend, maintain, and debug. Additionally, they support the spread of best practices and raise the code's dependability. Software developers can enhance the quality of the code and make it more durable and dependable by following coding standards.
Conclusion and Evaluation
The success of an application depends on the evaluation of an algorithm's implementation in a suitable language and the interaction between the written algorithm and the code variation. Therefore the application to run correctly and effectively, the written algorithm must be strictly followed in the code and an application's source code should be organized so that it is simple to read and comprehend while also being flexible enough to allow for changes as needed.
To make the program more effective and bug-free, the code can also take into account the procedural, object-oriented, and event-driven paradigms. Therefore, the usage of “IDLE” for application development is also beneficial because it offers an integrated development environment that makes it simple to debug and edit the code. After that contrast this to not employing an IDLE, when manual code debugging and modification are required. Henceforth, even those unfamiliar with the language being used can easily read and understand the code. Additionally, it guarantees that the code is error-free and maintainable.
In conclusion, programming languages play an important role in the IT industry and the most effective programming languages are Java, Python, C#, and others. Therefore the design and execution of a programme for computing the tax in accordance with UK law were covered in this essay. After that it covered the first program, which asks for the user's , the of their employer, their salary, and the tax rate; the second program, which requests the user's proper input; and the third program, which is the calculator itself. Users of this program can quickly and conveniently calculate taxes in accordance with UK law.
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