Radio over Fibre (RoF) links are an emerging technology that allows for the transmission of radio frequency signals over optical fibre. This technology has the potential to revolutionize wireless communication systems by providing a high-speed and low-cost transmission medium. Simulink is a powerful modelling and simulation tool that can be used to design, simulate, and analyse RoF links. Simulink can be used to model and analyse a RoF link's optical fibre, radio frequency, and mixed-signal components. Simulink's modelling and analysis capabilities enable users to identify potential problems and optimize their designs before they are implemented in the real world. Additionally, users can use Simulink to simulate complex propagation effects and analyse system performance in a variety of environments. With Simulink, users can design and analyse RoF links more accurately and confidently.
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To design an inclusive wireless coverage system in a region, several scenarios need to be considered. Firstly, the size of the area to be covered needs to be taken into account, as this will dictate the type of wireless technology used to provide coverage (BASIL et al. 2023). Additionally, the terrain type must be considered, as this will affect the necessary antennas, amplifiers, and other hardware used to provide coverage. Finally, budget restrictions and any existing infrastructure need to be taken into account. In terms of the Simulink design for radio over fibre communication systems, several considerations must be made. Firstly, the communication link must be established to enable data transmission over the radio link. This requires the selection of the appropriate modulation format, coding scheme, and frequency band used for the link. Additionally, a suitable propagation model must be used to ensure that the transmission is reliable and efficient. Finally, the system must be designed to ensure that the transmission is secure and that any potential interference is mitigated.
Figure 1: Model for radio over Fibre Communication System
The above image in Figure 1 has been presented for a model in Simulink Simulation software. The simulation particularly focused on the parameters represented one after the other in a sequential order. The output has been achieved with the help of a scope (Elsayed et al. 2023). The model had a voltage source, phase breakers, as well as, bus loads. The model in between had Bus A, and also, Bus B, for having a proper connection. Simulink can be a useful application for making a proper overview in which all the parameters can be presented one after the other.
The fibre link on the outline model was formulated using Simulink. The model employed was a simple transmitter and receiver system, with a fibre spool in between to simulate the fibre link. The fibre loss, alpha, was set to -0.00xx (Stoicuta et al. 2023). The performance of the system was then analysed over different fibre lengths, ranging from 0 m to 10 km. The BER (Bit Error Rate) of the system was plotted against the fibre length, showing how the performance of the system changes with the length of the fibre link. As expected, the BER increases as the length of the fibre link increases, with the BER reaching its highest value of 0.1 at a fibre length of 10 km. This suggests that the fibre loss, alpha, is having a significant effect on the performance of the system, as the longer the fibre link, the more signal loss is experienced. Overall, the analysis has demonstrated that the fibre link formulated on the outline model can accurately simulate the effects of fibre loss on the performance of the system. The BER vs fibre length plot also provides valuable insight into how the performance of the system is affected by different fibre lengths.
Figure 2: Details of Block Parameters in Voltage source
The above image helped in presenting the numerical values, and most importantly, the relevant data for completing the simulation in Simulink. The simulation software helped in presenting the magnitude, step magnitude, variation timing, and many more.
Figure 3: Details of Frequency Relay
The above image helped in presenting the various parameters in Frequency Relay in Simulink. The simulation software focussed on the system frequency, under and over frequency setting, and also ride through time delay.
Figure 4: Details of Three-Phase Breaker
The above image helped in presenting the details of the phase breaker in Simulink simulation software. The software helped in Breaker resistance, and, also the setup of all the three phases.
Radio link model the radio link model consists of three main subsystems: the transmitter, the channel, and the receiver (Nshimiyimana et al. 2023). The transmitter converts the digital signal into an analog signal and amplifies it to a suitable power level for transmission. The track is the medium through which the signal travels, which in this case is a fibre optic cable with a length of 100 + xx km. The receiver detects and decodes the signal, transforming it back into a digital signal for further processing. Effects on data signal-The data signal can be affected by various factors as it travels through the sub-systems. In the transmitter, the signal can be distorted due to imperfections in the modulation process, resulting in signal degradation and spectral broadening. In the channel, the signal can be attenuated, distorted, or delayed due to fibre optic losses, dispersion, and nonlinear effects such as self-phase modulation and four-wave mixing. In the receiver, the signal can be corrupted by noise and inter-symbol interference, resulting in errors in the recovered signal (Sultana et al. 2019).
Figure 5: Model Properties
The above figure shows the properties of the model in which the student ID is used in the alpha value of the fibre loss. Assumptions made in this model include the use of an ideal transmitter and receiver, neglecting any hardware limitations or imperfections. Additionally, the fibre optic cable is assumed to have uniform properties throughout its length, which may not be the case in practice. Performance analysis-To analyse the performance for different transmitter and receiver separations, a user can plot the bit error rate (BER) as a function of distance. The separation distance that gives a BER of around 10^-4 can be determined from the plot. The performance can also be influenced by other factors such as the modulation format, the bit rate, and the signal-to-noise ratio. Increasing separation distance-Techniques that can be employed to increase the separation distance on the RF link include using high-gain antennas, increasing the transmitter power, reducing the receiver noise figure, and using repeaters or amplifiers to boost the signal strength along the fibre optic cable.
Task 4
Some of the emission guidelines that need to be followed include Maximum power output limits: Wireless devices are typically subject to regulations that limit the maximum power output that they can emit. These limits are designed to prevent interference with other wireless devices and to reduce the risk of harmful electromagnetic radiation (Yilmaz et al. 2022). Frequency band restrictions: Wireless devices are often required to operate within specific frequency bands and to avoid interfering with other devices that operate in the same band. This is especially important for devices that operate in unlicensed frequency bands where multiple devices can operate simultaneously. Duty cycle limitations: Some wireless devices are subject to duty cycle limitations that restrict the amount of time that they can transmit. This is done to prevent excessive use of the frequency band and to allow other devices to access the band.
Spurious emission limits: Wireless devices are also subject to limits on spurious emissions, which are unwanted signals that can cause interference with other wireless devices (Sharma et al. 2023). Now, it can be analysed whether the computation of radio over fibre communication system in Simulink meets emissions requirements. Simulink is a simulation tool that can be used to model and simulate a wide range of systems, including radio over fibre communication systems. In Simulink, a research worker can model the transmitter, the fibre optic cable, and the receiver, and simulate the system to analyse its performance (Eze et al. 2023). For ensuring that the simulation meets emissions requirements, there is a need to ensure that the simulated system operates within the limits set by the regulatory authorities. This can be done by setting appropriate parameters for the transmitter power, frequency band, duty cycle, and spurious emission levels. If the simulation results show that the system exceeds any of the emissions requirements, it can adjust the parameters and simulate again until the emissions requirements are met.
Task 5
Figure 6: Output of Bus A scope
The above image helped in presenting the output of Bus A scope in Simulink simulation software. The output showed that the model has been successful enough, and also had a proper graphical representation.
Figure 7: Output of Bus B Scope
The above image helped in presenting the output of the Bus B Scope. The output after Bus has been able to show that the model has been decent enough as per the guidelines, as well as, instructions, provided in a particular assignment.
A direct intensity modulated RoF scheme can be formulated using an optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) as the modulation parameter (El Yahyaoui et al. 2019). The OSNR can be used to modulate the transmitted signal’s intensity, thus allowing for more efficient transmission of information. The OSNR is defined as the ratio of the power of the movement to the power of the noise at the receiver. A higher OSNR indicates higher signal intensity and hence, a better signal-to-noise ratio. In order to compare the performance of the direct intensity modulated RoF scheme with that of the model in Simulink, a BER vs Tx-Rx separation plot can be constructed. In this plot, the BER is plotted against the Tx-Rx separation, with the Tx-Rx separation increasing from left to right. The BER is calculated by calculating the ratio of the number of bit errors to the total number of bits transmitted (Singh et al. 2022). For the direct intensity modulated RoF scheme, the BER will typically decrease with increasing OSNR, as the signal-to-noise ratio increases with increasing OSNR. In general, the direct intensity modulated RoF scheme will be able to achieve higher data rates than the model in Simulink, as the modulation scheme allows for more efficient transmission of data.
Conclusion
The Simulink model of Radio Modelling over Fibre Links has been a great tool for engineers to use in order to analyse the performance of radio links over fibre links. It can be used to simulate various scenarios, such as the effects of signal impairments, noise, and other factors. It also allows engineers to design and test various system architectures and configurations. This model is a great way to quickly and accurately analyse the performance of radio links over fibre links in a variety of scenarios.
References
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