Intellectual Property Rights in Sports: Challenges & Opportunities
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Introduction- Intellectual Property Rights and Their Importance for Creative Works
Intellectual property rights are the rights that are provided to any person in consideration of their creations. These creations are made by the humans with their intellect or mind. There are many creations that need to be protected due to their importance and uniqueness. These rights give an exclusive right to the creator for using that creation for a certain period without any interference of any other person. These are the legal rights that provide protection to the creator or inventions that are results from intellectual property creation such as industrial, literary, artistic and scientific fields. Usually rights are reserved with copyright, patent, marks and trade select. Intellectual property rights are very important in sports as protected inventions maintain best sporting equipment as sportswear and footwear. The basic investment can be made through broadcasting rights to fans and enthusiastic in tournaments. Trademark provides protection to the goodwill of the events, leagues, teams and traders or manufacturers of sports goods. There are many violations that can be made in sports regarding intellectual property rights such as infringement of patent, trademark or copyright. Counterfeiting of copyrights or trademark. Publicly announce the trade secrets. So, there are many rights under intellectual property rights that needed to be protect and misuse of these rights can be prohibit.
Intellectual property related issues in World class sporting
It is identified that the country hosting the Games are considered to have been undertaken; they would be identifying the tremendous amount of planning, construction and institutional collaboration. It is identified that there are many countries that made the profit by running the two-week event even though this had not always been the case. It is also identified that in the 2004 Commonwealth games which are hosted in Athens the cost of games was considered to be cover shot with the budget substantially. It was identified that the forecast was for 4.5 million euros while the overall cost reached around 13 million euros. Therefore it is considered to be one of the most important aspects to identify the different considerations related to the creation of an event. It is identified that there are various aspects of intellectual property related blocks which are used to be important for the sporting events; one of these includes the copyright design trademarks passing off and personality rights. It is identified that the report will help in focusing on the succession challenges which are related to the host countries which has experienced implementation of specific form of intellectual property this is identified and there are various forms of copyright and trademark law which are required to be considered which can apply to give the image the objective to attain a better return.
This is taken into account that service marks are considered to be the very best and top science where it includes assembly and into fine the source of the product or service. It is taken into consideration that A copyright on the other hand is considered to be subsets in a wide range of creative work when they are considered to be offering a stream of commerce not. The Commonwealth games in conjunction with the design for Greece in the above example are considered to be one of the most significant forms of intellectual property where both of these are required to be considered. It is identified that both are also required to protect and on the basis of the copyrights and trademarks.
This identified that their consumer research was conducted on the countries which helps in indicating that needed brand awareness. That includes the name the trademark is considered to be a balance where it includes a truly famous mark and also includes a licensing value worth millions of dollars. It is identified that there are various forms of marketing practice which are required to be considered which includes the capitalisation on the goods that are related to the event that is being considered.
This is taken into consideration that there are various forms of committee that are required to be prepared for the purpose of identifying the intellectual property rights that includes the sponsorships and the domestic level of the users. It is identified that there are various marketing dynamic changes which are not fund for the company which includes various factors related to the dependencies. This is included that the top sponsors would be enjoying exclusive sponsorship lines will be having a respective industries such as the carbonated beverages or The financial service provider reason considered to be having the rights when the relationship between the company having the helps and supporting the commonwealth games they will be large amount of energy and support would be glad I didn't throw broadcasting and marketing of the games. Therefore both of these are very important to be strongly relied upon for intellectual property.
This is taken into account and Birmingham commonwealth games are considered to be having one of the most important aspects with respect and the law and intellectual property this helps the user the other person's to request respect to the player. There are very effective protection of Birmingham 2022 brand in a fundamental relation which includes the marketing aspects as well full stop it is taken into account that the successful attraction of the partner's and the sponsor's into the development of commercial program which leads up to a specific aspect relationship that during and relation to the games, this is identified in the financial on the game is drawn from the public funding where to help in identifying the commercial partners and also includes the nature of the exclusive association related to the game.
Who are the person who can use the game marks
It is identified that the official commercial partners sponsor supplier in the licensee of the Birmingham 2022 game will be having a permission to use the games mark. This is considered to be protected by a combination of a registered trademark copyright UK registered design and is considered to be made in accordance with the terms of the agreement where the Birmingham 2022 games are held. There are various non-commercial partners who help in delivering the games and the right manner to use the game mark.
What are the things which are specifically prohibited for the use of intellectual property of Birmingham 2022
It is identified that a person cannot create or imply an association with the games through the use of the games mark without the permission of the department. Here it is identified that the person cannot put on event a producer printed material or otherwise can public or distribute on the internet which focuses on the commonwealth games without permission of the department.
This also includes the night the content are similar to the contents that are related to the gamers Make any IP on the site such as TM corporate material cannot be used without the permission of the authorisation from the board.
This is identified that for the purpose of commonwealth game the sponsor's fall into several category is where the sponsorship program would help in development of the games where most comprehensive program would be implemented and would provide 5 year calendar event and opportunities to enhance the marketing privileges of the sponsorship or operation will start in addition to providing the form of capital various aspects which includes hosting the games sponsorship and providing the bulk of funding for the athletes. For example Australian swimmer includes sponsorship of the 3.7 million this would give them had heard as one of the most important factors for the prize money.[7]
There are many advantages and disadvantages regarding hosting any game by any nation. Hosting any game can be beneficial in many terms but there are many challenges that can also be faced by that country. Hosting any game boost up the economic profile of any country and it helps to strengthen local communities. It develops the country in many ways as transport, living places, trade, tourism and social regenerations. By conducting the games in the country, it can enhance trade practices at worldwide level effectively. Tourism and transport can be developed rapidly. These report discuses about the upcoming commonwealth games that will be held in Birmingham in the year 2022; it will bring huge economic stimulation and development with economic and social benefits in that country. It encourages investment in transport and infrastructure. It develops the better communication channels and methods in country. Increase the visits of foreigners. Creates many opportunities for job and employment. A brand protection strategy provides the protection to company who creates the products of their specific brand with some special qualities and specifications. It protects the brand and its products from counterfeiting, pirates and infringers.
Brand protection refers as procedure that a right can be protected of using the brand or product so no other third party can use that brand name and abuse it without his permission. It may cause many losses to creator as loss of money, revenue, diminishing the brand equity, destroys the trust and goodwill. Any country that hosting the commonwealths in its country has to make so many plans, policies and construction, institutional collaborations. It has to make many strategies[9]. Along with this many countries makes profits from the commonwealth games in country. Sponsorship is the major source of revenue for hosting country if it effectively protects the intellectual rights of game. Along with these additional sales of tickets also enhance the profits. There are mainly five kinds of intellectual property rights such as copyrights, design, trademark, passing off and personality rights. This report will mainly focus on the advantages and challenges for hosting countries in implementing intellectual property laws for protection and profits in games.
Trademark or service mark is differently showing any symbol or sign about any product and uniqueness of the product. On the other hand, when creative works has to be done and need to be protected then it will be protected with copyrights as it provides a wide range of creative works. In last year research was conducted with some ten countries that contended that people are adequately aware about the trademark because it is the most common mark that is used in the commerce and market. It has huge licensing values.
Licensing and sponsorship in sports
By attaining the intellectual property rights and using these rights strategically, sports organizations and other rights are used by owner with this they can enhance their potentiality of income generation. Persons who acquire these rights can license the rights to others in return of payment. Under these rights can be transferred without transfer of ownership such as using of technology, use of trademarks for businesses, entertainment and publishing anything. Trademark license is having all merchandise procedures. It describes about the relationship between licensor and producer or creator of goods to which that trademark is affixed. There is no role of licensor in manufacturing or production of goods but he should ensure about the quality of goods or services that are selling by licensee with affixing its trademark on it.
Technology license is also very useful and effective for companies or organizations that develops the sports goods. For achieving a competitive advantage every company wishes to adopt most improved technology in their production.Technology license can be used as both types for manufacturing or production of goods by using the technology or licensing out to other companies and enhance its earnings. In the sports sector licensing and merchandising provides rights with enormous strategic and marketing, earning potentiality. It permits the fans to involve their passion for a sporting event and support it. It also offers some authentic licensed products to the fans.
Why the restrictions has been considered
There are various major benefits that are helping the benefiting the staging of the games so that they are able to boost the economy of the organisation and are able to generate the thousands of the business opportunities. This has been considered that the want to provide the suppliers with the proud contribution where they are making the marketing as one of the most significant aspects. here this has been made that for the purpose of preserving the funding needs there are various stage that are set by the Birmingham 2022 where they would be ensuring the suppliers to not to promote the involvement in the way that undermines the rights and the duties that are granted by the official partners of the company, this would also include the commercial investment that are made within the organisation.
There are various forms of advantages that are related to the sponsoring and licensing where this fall under various categories. Here this has been made that in addition to the capital that has been provided the actual hosting of the games are done in the funding of the athletes themselves. This is also considered to be important to understand the different aspects that are related to the business organisation where they have earned only $ 25000 through the prize money for swimming. The agreement for the sponsorship should be drafted in the manner where the users are able to attain a better understanding and are considered to be having the interest in becoming the sponsors throughout the year. There are various competitions which are required to be considered where the appointed users should identify the Commonwealth partners as one of the most important users through the intense and expensive defined aspects.
here this has been made the phenomenon holds factual where the variety of the other sporting event are considered, the law related to the intellectual property should be utilised so that they are able to generate a better understanding and are able to maximise the performance, here this has been made that the commonwealth games are considered to be having various forms of positivity where this would help them to generate a better understanding and good result within the organisation. Here this has been made the historically sponsored sporting events have great combination where they would be able to generate high levels of performance and would also be able to understand the different aspects which would maximise the performance related to the business events. This has been made that the companies that are offering the sponsorship must be having various forms of contracts which they have entered and these must be considered to be announced in the manner that they are able to generate high results. It also includes various other factors where the sponsors would be tying up so that they are able to generate high results and able to perform their function to generate better instalments.
This has been made that the dedicated community brand mark is considered to be one of the most significant aspects where they would be working to develop and consider the commercial community groups and cultural organisations working within the coming months. Here in case the community brand is marked is provided with the growth in the organisation.[14]
Sponsorship
Company’s wishes to promote their brand name, strong goodwill, reputation and maintain their relationship with customer often team up with sporting organization or associate themselves closely with a sporting event. It provides a great exposure to the companies as many fans come across world and they will notice the brand name and products many times that attract their attention towards the brand name it helps the company to make popular its brand name. It is very important for any sport as it helps to athletes to make more focus on their training and production of their sports. It also reduces the stress when they find that they will get in return of training and events. Sponsorship is the partnership with athletes and brands, it provides beneficials to both. There are various kinds of sponsorship in sports as title sponsor, main sponsor, official sponsor, official partner, technical partner. Various benefits can be emerged out from the sponsorship as build the awareness and it enhance the branding of business and its products.[15]
Kinds of sponsorship
People: show a logo, wear a specific brand, support items, pay preparing, contest and travel costs.
Groups and clubs: wear unit, show pennants, have an organization name for the group or for the ground or for a stand court in the ground, pay rivalry and travel costs.
Sports: rename rivalries, cups and associations, brand their advancement programs, and further develop offices.
Occasions: permit utilization of their logo on patrons' items; give free items to members, and asset the running of the occasion.
Advantages for sport
People: takes care of expenses, for example, unit, gear, travel, convenience, contest charges, time to prepare.
Groups and clubs: finances pack, gear, grounds or clubhouse support.
Sports: pays for instructing and mentor improvement, amateur projects, ability advancement.
Occasions: covers scene enlist, cooking, accommodation, exposure, programs, authorities' expenses.
Disadvantages for sport
Sponsorship can be restricted or effortlessly removed as there is no security.
An entertainer can become dependent on a specific support, which could then draw out.
Some sponsorship (for instance, liquor) gives an awful picture to brand name.
Liberal sponsorship is simply accessible for some people only not for all.
Entertainers, groups and occasions can be controlled or taken advantage of to suit the support.
Trouble of minority sports or those with little media inclusion to draw in sponsorship.
Benefits for sponsors
Brings issues to light of their organization or brand.
Publicizes items and administrations.
Advances a positive and sound picture of their organization by connecting it with a famous movement, regardless of whether the item isn't especially solid.
Works on organization's standing in the UK on the grounds that the organization is supporting British game.
Gives prizes or motivations to staff and clients.
Builds deals or income through expanded media openness.
Decreases charge through charge help.
Disadvantages of sponsors
Questionable speculation: in sporting achievement isn't ensured.
Assuming the occasion is disturbed; media openness and promoting potential are lost.
Assuming the game or entertainers cause awful exposure, this considers gravely the support.
Adverse consequences of sponsorship
Sponsorship of game makes pressures when a support's picture or item seems to sabotage the donning message. For instance, tobacco firms supported games until 2005 when they were restricted from doing as such across the European Union (EU). Organizations that sell liquor are permitted to support sport albeit numerous British MPs need a boycott as they accept it sends the message that wearing exhibition and drinking liquor are connected.
The five backers such as OCS Group UK, Wiz-Team, Events AIR, Sports Technology (ST), and Riedel Communications - will give a scope of administrations and frameworks to help the running of the Games one year from now. OCS Group UK has been named as Birmingham 2022's true security faculty supplier and will support including screening, vehicle search, watches, and reaction groups at Alexander Stadium, Sand well Aquatics Center, National Exhibition Center (NEC) grounds lodgings, and the Games Family Hotel Accommodation.
As the authority programming and arrangements supplier for center Games the executive's frameworks, Wiz-Team will give applications to the Birmingham 2022 Queen's Baton Relay and oversee accreditations and access control. Official convenience and move frameworks supplier, Events Air will give the administration of convenience reservations and appearance and takeoff moves for Games Family going to the occasion. At long last, ST has been selected as Birmingham 2022's true supplier of huge video screens and sound administrations, for which it will give a scope
Of general media hardware and administrations, and Riedel Communications has been named the authority radio correspondences supplier to supply radio interchanges for the Queen's Baton Relay and the Games.
Ambush Marketing
Ambush marketing is a procedure that includes a brand group attempting to connect their items or administrations with a major occasion that as of now has official organizations supports. Much of the time, it occurs during games and intends to raise brand consciousness of a specific organization with no sponsorship freedoms
Purpose of using ambush marketing in business
Most trap crusades have one point, which is to connect their organization with the popularity of a specific occasion without marking a sponsorship contract. Trap advertising presents a fairly surprising way to deal with making a promoting effort and, simultaneously, incorporates full artistic liberty and adaptability. Brands utilize different visual structures and wit to react to promoting efforts made by true supporters of an occasion. Since such missions are incredibly engaging, they are bound to draw in the majority and are not difficult to recall. With this methodology, organizations regularly utilize strategies that go past the extent of a brand's set up rules. You can utilize trap promoting in various ways, beginning from PPC advertisements in list items to goliath announcements on the most jam-packed city's roads. Since you know a portion of the advantages your image can procure subsequent to carrying out snare showcasing, it's an ideal opportunity to see if it's legal to utilize.
Legality of ambush marketing
By utilizing this showcasing strategy, the incorrect way, organizations can engage in unlawful activities, for example, encroaching the occasion proprietor's brand names, copyright, and different freedoms of a specific occasion. Nonetheless, whenever executed accurately, it can carry a few advantages to your business, which some renowned brands have demonstrated true. Since it's in vogue in sports, many activities are coordinated against this showcasing system in this industry. These actions can be found in significant games that target ensuring select sponsorships and their coordinators' protected innovation privileges. Accordingly, these guidelines can restrict the ability to speak freely and block brands from advancing themselves with the assistance of a specific occasion.
It's critical to follow a few stages to lawfully and effectively carry out this inventive promoting strategy without abusing different privileges. We should plunge into the upsides and downsides of trap showcasing assuming you are thinking about it for your next advertising effort.
Advantages and disadvantages of ambush marketing
The benefits are as per the following:
Cost viability.
further developed brand value
opportunity and adaptability
a chance for new companies to kick off their business
a higher rivalry that brings lower costs for purchasers
an innovative methodology
an immediate reaction to a mission
different structures and sizes, beginning from a versatile sidebar promotion to colossal bulletins in a downtown area
organizations can go off script from their underlying substance, style, and so on
All advertising strategies have downsides, and this methodology is not an exemption. It has the accompanying hindrances that should be consider prior to executing it:
makes it hard to compute ROI
requires fast reaction and nitty gritty preparation
depends on existence
disregards privileges of real backers and accomplices of an occasion
depends entirely on contenders' promotions to address them
Knowing the benefits and impediments permits to conclude whether this advertising methodology suits for business. The following stage is to figure out which type is awesome for business image.
The Kinds of ambush marketing
The technique can be divided into two principal types:
direct advertising
Roundabout promoting.
In direct ambush promoting, a brand's group forcefully utilizes different exercises to connect themselves with an occasion without being a support or accomplice. There are four sorts of direct promoting. Savage ambushing is a procedure that incorporates one brand assaulting another (an authority supporter of an occasion), which keeps individuals from distinguishing a genuine support. Coattail ambushing is a methodology where a brand target acquiring openness by turning into a backer of an in individual the occasion.
Property or brand name encroachment is the point at which a brand utilizes logos, images, or expressions of one more brand to advance its administrations that frequently prompts disarray among clients and reduces the showcasing endeavors of the land's owner. Self-ambushing implies that a brand has sponsorship privileges however engage in exercises not referenced in the agreement.
It should audit self-ambushing in more detail. The 2008 UEFA European Championships and Carlsberg is incredible model. The renowned lager brand, an authority support, accomplished something not expressed in their sponsorship contract. During the competition, the brand gave out free T-shirts and headbands. Roundabout trap showcasing doesn't really include relationship with an occasion but instead attempts to adjust an organization through an idea or reference to it. This technique does exclude a brand that assaults another brand yet permits you to acquire openness.
Personality rights
A connected issue to protected innovation is character freedoms (otherwise called the right of exposure). As sports have formed into a worldwide business, so too has the meaning of competitors' picture privileges. Like straight help of the actual games, retailers and organizations regularly look to interface their items and pictures with superstars. To an ever increasing extent regularly, elite athletics affiliations have expected to control the picture freedoms of their colleagues. Without a legally binding connection between a group and its individuals, notwithstanding, purviews handle character freedoms in an unexpected way. By and large, it is concurred that they fall under the support of protection freedoms. In the vast majority of Europe (beside the U.K.) and in the United States, for instance, a free character right is composed into the law. These freedoms ordinarily ensure a superstar's all in all correct to benefit from, and hold others back from benefitting from abuse of his or on the other hand her picture, resemblance, and so on In different locales, homegrown execution of Article 10b is of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property is utilized to fight uncalled for contest and may become possibly the most important factor in a comparative job as would independent.
Character freedoms
(1) The nations of the Union will undoubtedly guarantee nationals of such nations compelling security against unreasonable contest.
(2) Any demonstration of rivalry in spite of genuine practices in modern or business matters comprise a demonstration of unjustifiable rivalry.
(3) The accompanying, specifically, will be restricted:
(I) all demonstrations of such a nature as to make disarray using any and all means whatever with the foundation, the products, or the modern or business exercises, of a contender.
(ii) Bogus charges over the span of exchange of such a nature as to dishonor the foundation, the products, or the modern or business exercises, of a contender.
(iii) signs or charges the utilization of which over the span of exchange is responsible to deceive general society with regards to the nature, the assembling system, the qualities, the appropriateness for their motivation, or the amount, of the goods.
Notwithstanding the United Kingdom's absence of a particular "character privileges" law, a case from that purview involves a genuine illustration of the issue. A photo of a notable race vehicle driver was adjusted to such an extent that he seemed, by all accounts, to be holding a radio to his ear that drag the logo of a specific radio broadcast. The radio broadcast utilized a modified picture to advance itself yet, the English High Court contemplated that a mixed signal was being made with the end goal that a critical part of the market would accept that the driver was underwriting the radio station. The Court chose to subdue that exploitation.
Conclusion
Native individuals reserve the privilege to keep up with, control, ensure and foster their social legacy, conventional information and customary social articulations, just as the indications of their sciences, innovations and societies, including human and hereditary assets, seeds, prescriptions, information on the properties of fauna and greenery, oral practices, written works, plans, sports and conventional games and visual and performing expressions. They additionally reserve the option to keep up with, control also ensure and foster their licensed innovation over such social legacy, customary information and conventional social articulations. Nations facilitating the Games regularly execute explicit IP laws to guarantee that their public Commonwealth advisory groups have a legitimate structure under which they should go along with the IOC's IP guidelines, which ensure the Commonwealth Symbol and a scope of other topical words and images. A few nations are likewise party to the Nairobi Treaty, which guarantees assurance exclusively for the Commonwealth Symbol, contained the five interlocking rings.
References
Statutes and Acts
Trade Marks Act 1994 especially ss. 1, 3, 5, 10 and 11 and 47
Copyright Trade Marks and Patent Act
Birmingham Commonwealth Games Act 2020
Glasgow Commonwealth Games Act 2008
Glasgow Commonwealth Games Act 2008 (Games Association Right) Order 2009
London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006
London Olympic and Paralympic Games (Amendment) Act 2011
Olympics, Paralympics and London Olympics Association Rights (Infringement Proceedings) Regulations 2010
IOC social media, Blogging and Internet Guidelines for participants and other accredited persons at the London Olympics Games (2011)
IOC Media Guide
Olympic Symbol etc (Protection) Act 1995
Olympic Charter Rule 40 blackout period and social media
Journals
Assessment, A.E., 2019. The Seventh Annual Penn Law Sports & Entertainment Law Symposium. VAND. L. REV, 1197, p.1237.
Edelman, M., 2018. Lack of Integrity: Rebutting the Myth that US Commercial Sports Leagues Have an Intellectual Property Right to Sports Gambling Proceeds. NYUJL & Bus., 15, p.1.
Espinal Ruiz, D.J., Medina Vásquez, J.E. and da Cunha Bastos, F., 2018. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN SPORTS: TRENDS IN PATENTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL AND COLOMBIAN SPORTS INDUSTRY. Educ. fis. deporte, pp.http-aprendeenlinea.
Gao, J., 2019, June. Research on the Database of Competitive Sports Talents in Colleges and Universities in China under the Background of “Internet+”. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1237, No. 2, p. 022097). IOP Publishing.
Huang, S., 2020. A Basic Anti-Monopoly Law Position for Professional Sports. Academic Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences, 3(1).
Jun-Ming, C. and Jing, P., 2021, January. Research on Copyright Protection of Sports Events Based on Blockchain Technology. In 2021 International Conference on Information Technology and Contemporary Sports (TCS) (pp. 455-459). IEEE.
Kharitonov, ?.O. and Kharytonova, O.I., 2018. SPORTS RELATIONS AND CIVIL LEGAL RELATIONS: THE QUESTION OF SUBJECTIVE COMPOSITION. Founded in 1993 Periodicity–4 issues per year, 25(4), p.182.
Kharytonov, E., Kharytonova, O., Tkalych, M., Bolokan, I., Samilo, H. and Tolmachevska, Y., 2021. Intellectual property law in the field of sports: specifics of manifestations and features of legal regulation. Cuestiones Políticas, 39(69).
Koller, D., 2021. A More Just, Inclusive Future for Sports. Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport, 31(2), pp.201-211.
Ladha, A., 2020. Permutation & Combination of Sports IPR and Ambush Marketing. Jus Corpus LJ, 1, p.187.
Nelson, J., 2020. NCAA Down for The Count? New State Legislation Threatens Collegiate Sports as We Know It, 19 UIC REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 346 (2020). UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law, 19(4), p.4.
Papaloukas, M., 2018, November. E-Sports Explosion: The Birth of Esports Law or merely a New Trend Driving Change in Traditional Sports Law?. In 24th IASL International Sports Law Congress (2018).
Shmatkov, D., Copyright Issues in Digital Society: Sports Video Games.
Stoszkowski, J.R., McCarthy, L. and Fonseca, J., 2017. Online peer mentoring and collaborative reflection: A cross-institutional project in sports coaching. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 5(3), pp.118-121.
Summerley, R., 2020. The development of sports: A comparative analysis of the early institutionalization of traditional sports and e-sports. Games and Culture, 15(1), pp.51-72.
Venkatesan, V., 2021. CREATIVE V. PURPOSIVE SPORTS: NEED FOR RECOGNIZING SPORTS PERSONS AS PERFORMERSUNDER COPYRIGHT LAW. International Journal of Modern Agriculture, 10(2), pp.319-326.
Windholz, E.L., 2021. Fantasy sports in Australia: co-regulation and commercial accommodation. The International Sports Law Journal, pp.1-12.
Xiong, Y., Characteristics and Development Opportunities of “One Belt and One Way” Sports Competition. International Journal of Social Sciences in Universities, p.48.
Cases
The Arsenal v Reed Saga
Arsenal v Reed (No 1) [2001] 2 CMLR 23
Arsenal v Reed (No 2) [2003] 3 All ER 685
Trade Mark Basics
Sabel BV v Puma AG (C-251/95)
Marca Mode CV v Adidas AG (C-425/98)
Canon Kabushiki Kaisha v Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc., (C-39/97)
Adidas-Saloman AG v Fitnessworld Trading Ltd (C-408/01)
Koninklije Phillips Electronics NV v Remington Consumer Products Ltd (C-299/99)
Case C-353/03 Mars BV v Societe des Produits Nestle SA
Dualit Ltd’s (Toaster Shapes) Trade Mark Applications [1999] RPC 890
FA Premier League v Panini [2004] 1 WLR 1147
Fresh Trading Limited v Deepend Fresh
UEFA v Briscomb [2006] EWHC 1268
British Broadcasting Corp v Talksport Ltd [2001] FSR 6
Arief International Inc v Celador International Ltd [2004] EWHC 1277
Nova Productions Ltd v Bell Fruit Games & Ors [2006] EWHC 24
Cases C-403/08 and C-429/08 Football Association Premier League Ltd v QC Leisure and Others
Victoria Park Racing v Taylor(1937) 58 CLR 479
National Hockey League v Pepsi Cola Canada(1995) 122 DLR 412
NBA & NBA Properties v Sports Team Analysis and Tracking Systems Inc. 1996 US Dist (SDNY 1996)
Green v Broadcasting Corp of New Zealand[1989] 2 All ER 1056.
Assessment, A.E., 2019. The Seventh Annual Penn Law Sports & Entertainment Law Symposium. VAND. L. REV, 1197, p.1237.
Edelman, M., 2018. Lack of Integrity: Rebutting the Myth that US Commercial Sports Leagues Have an Intellectual Property Right to Sports Gambling Proceeds. NYUJL & Bus., 15, p.1.
Espinal Ruiz, D.J., Medina Vásquez, J.E. and da Cunha Bastos, F., 2018. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN SPORTS: TRENDS IN PATENTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL AND COLOMBIAN SPORTS INDUSTRY. Educ. fis. deporte, pp.http-aprendeenlinea.
Gao, J., 2019, June. Research on the Database of Competitive Sports Talents in Colleges and Universities in China under the Background of “Internet+”. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1237, No. 2, p. 022097). IOP Publishing.
Huang, S., 2020. A Basic Anti-Monopoly Law Position for Professional Sports. Academic Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences, 3(1).
Jun-Ming, C. and Jing, P., 2021, January. Research on Copyright Protection of Sports Events Based on Blockchain Technology. In 2021 International Conference on Information Technology and Contemporary Sports (TCS) (pp. 455-459). IEEE.
Kharitonov, ?.O. and Kharytonova, O.I., 2018. SPORTS RELATIONS AND CIVIL LEGAL RELATIONS: THE QUESTION OF SUBJECTIVE COMPOSITION. Founded in 1993 Periodicity–4 issues per year, 25(4), p.182.
Kharytonov, E., Kharytonova, O., Tkalych, M., Bolokan, I., Samilo, H. and Tolmachevska, Y., 2021. Intellectual property law in the field of sports: specifics of manifestations and features of legal regulation. Cuestiones Políticas, 39(69).
Koller, D., 2021. A More Just, Inclusive Future for Sports. Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport, 31(2), pp.201-211.
Ladha, A., 2020. Permutation & Combination of Sports IPR and Ambush Marketing. Jus Corpus LJ, 1, p.187.
Nelson, J., 2020. NCAA Down for The Count? New State Legislation Threatens Collegiate Sports as We Know It, 19 UIC REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 346 (2020). UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law, 19(4), p.4.
Papaloukas, M., 2018, November. E-Sports Explosion: The Birth of Esports Law or merely a New Trend Driving Change in Traditional Sports Law?. In 24th IASL International Sports Law Congress (2018).
Shmatkov, D., Copyright Issues in Digital Society: Sports Video Games.
Stoszkowski, J.R., McCarthy, L. and Fonseca, J., 2017. Online peer mentoring and collaborative reflection: A cross-institutional project in sports coaching. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 5(3), pp.118-121. Summerley, R., 2020. The development of sports: A comparative analysis of the early institutionalization of traditional sports and e-sports. Games and Culture, 15(1), pp.51-72.
Venkatesan, V., 2021. CREATIVE V. PURPOSIVE SPORTS: NEED FOR RECOGNIZING SPORTS PERSONS AS PERFORMERSUNDER COPYRIGHT LAW. International Journal of Modern Agriculture, 10(2), pp.319-326.
Windholz, E.L., 2021. Fantasy sports in Australia: co-regulation and commercial accommodation. The International Sports Law Journal, pp.1-12.
Xiong, Y., Characteristics and Development Opportunities of “One Belt and One Way” Sports Competition. International Journal of Social Sciences in Universities, p.48.
