Technology is helpful for managing weight and obesity in the modern digitalized era. These technology-guided tools helped people know about their health. However, after knowing the health status the individual makes further decisions in terms of developing the condition. Obesity is becoming common in today's era. As per the views of Asadzadeh and Kalankesh (2021), these m-health technologies help to increase health awareness among the public. These technological tools are easy to use for users of all ages. Furthermore, the user-friendly interface with updated looks helps the users to use these tools. On the other hand, the personalized features of these tools are significant for providing the service based on the demand of the customers.
The technological apps and tools are significant for behavioral change management among users. The apps used in smartphones are easily downloadable and anyone with a smartphone can use them. Obesity management can happen with the help of technology-based tools and this app provides real-time feedback. As per the views of Janett and Yeracaris (2020), the tools are easily accessible for all people so that any user can track their health records. The data-driven information provided through the technological tools can increase awareness among users about their health. As per the suggestion of Oppert et al. (2021), nutrition intake and daily physical activity are two main aspects of managing health-related problems like obesity and overweight. The technology is helpful for managing the health of the individuals and increases the patient's engagement. Telehealth platforms support games that are helpful for managing obesity among patients.
Telehealth is relevant for providing insights into health and increasing the outcomes of health. People nowadays use m-health apps for their user-friendly accessibility, the users can use these apps as these apps are adorable. The user engagement is also managed while providing the user's data about their health. As per the ideas of Price et al. (2022), these tools increase the prevalence of obesity among young adults. The young adults of the UK are not focusing on nutrition intake. The irregular routine of food and nutrition intake may cause poor health. This may also result in health issues and high obesity.
Obesity has become a global problem and obesity among children and young adults has become a common problem. However, due to poverty and lack of awareness about nutrition and healthy food intake, these issues are growing day by day. Therefore, wearable devices increase the shrewdness about nutrition and food habits among individuals. As per the ideas of Hinchliffe et al. (2022), there are diverse factors that may cause serious issues like obesity. These factors include dietary patterns, genetics and a sedentary lifestyle. All the factors can be amended by proper routine and healthy food intake.
Research aim
The study aims to evaluate the importance of technology and m-health in managing obesity among individuals.
Research objectives
To find the effectiveness of nutrition tracking apps for managing obesity and weight management.
To analyze patients' engagement and online nutrition tools including patterns and duration
To examine virtual consultation that helps in managing obesity and weight management
To investigate the importance of wearable devices that help in managing obesity and habit formation
Research questions
What is the effectiveness of nutrition tracking apps for managing obesity and weight management?
How do online nutrition tools including patterns and duration increase patients' engagement?
How do virtual consultations help in managing obesity and weight management?
What is the importance of wearable devices that help in managing obesity and habit formation?
Research Rationale
The rationale of the research is to increase the growing awareness among the public as obesity has become a legitimate issue in today’s society. Furthermore, the pervasiveness of technology in managing society in daily life. These tools can track the inking of the nutrition on a daily basis. Another rationale for the study is to increase user engagement by providing personalisation and managing behavioural change. As per the ideas of Lee et al. (2022), decision-making in healthcare for managing obesity increases evidence-based practices. Technology tools and apps are significant for rising interest among the users for taking the personalized nutrition intake. The technology is helpful for managing the health and obesity management among the patients. Furthermore, the privacy and security concerns in health technology are helpful in providing holistic health care. User perception is relevant for increasing awareness about health and obesity.
Problem statement
Socioeconomic factors may hamper the healthy food intake of individuals. However, people from poor economic backgrounds may face issues in getting healthy foods. These issues can result in obesity and improper dietary habits. Therefore, in such cases, these poor people may fail to buy technological devices and tools that can help in the management of weight and obesity. On the other hand, another significant problem is childhood obesity which may lead to an obese adult. Besides, the environment causes high-calorie food intake and can hamper the health of children and young adults in the UK. A sedentary lifestyle is a major cause of obesity and affects weight management. Technology is helpful for warning young adults to focus on healthy food intake. The apps show the “body mass index” (BMI) and other important aspects for maintaining nutrition. However, by following these instructions the indic islas can gain ideas about the health consciousness.
Methods
Searching
Database and search strategy of Obesity and Technology-aided tools
The study used database like Database “Cinahl”, “Medline” and “PubMed”. The search strategy for obesity and physical activity in “Cinahl” are “Obesity” OR “overweight” OR “Weight management” OR “nutrition” AND “m-health” OR “technology in health” OR “wearable technology”. In “Medline”, the search strategy is “Obesity” OR “Weight management” OR “nutrition” AND “m-health” OR “technology in health”. In the “PubMed”, the search terms are “Obesity” OR “overweight” OR “Weight management” AND “m-health” OR “wearable technology”.
PICO framework
In the PICO framework the “Population” of the study is young adults while the “Intervention” involves “Obesity parameters”. On the other hand, the “Comparison” has been performed between the “Adults of the UK”. Apart from that, the “Outcome” shows the “Influences of technology on-health for obesity management and nutrition intake”
High score signifies the high quality of the journal articles. As per the views of Long et al. (2020), CASP tool is helpful for analysing the quality of the journals based on the specific parts of the article. Therefore, in this study fourth, sixth and seventh articles have the highest score 17 which denotes high value of the articles (Table 1).
Summarizing
Data extraction
In the study by Antwi (2023), proper nutrition intake is important for managing obesity. Behavioral management and dietary intakes are aligned with the dietary instruction provided in the m-helath apps. For managing the nutrition intake, the individual should follow the dietary habits prescribed by the consultant. Therefore, technology and m-health significantly help in creating an obese consciousness.
The study by Yom-Tov et al. (2018) highlights that the significant and key finding of the research is that technology helps in fostering engagement and health information among patients. The technology provides significant advertisements that are related to the search history of the individuals.
The study by Blackburne et al. (2016) denotes that the key finding of the research highlights that technology-aided tools and gadgets are there to improve inhibitory control. The apps play a significant role in food consuming behavior of the users. Technology and apps are used by young adults which can help them in measurable changes through the overall assessment. However, by following the dietary instructions they can manage their obesity problem.
In the study by Duncan et al. (2020), the technological tools help in managing the weight of the people. These apps help people in losing their weight. The dietary habit, sleep timing and steps of walking and running are significant for managing obesity and weight.
In the study by Lugones-Sánchez et al. (2022), the “Evident 3” tool serves as an essential objective for managing the food-specific categories. The key finding of the study shows that digital wearable devices help in bringing positive changes in micronutrients and macronutrients in the food groups. The app helps to change dietary habits and food intake routines among the users.
In the study by Allman-Farinelli et al. (2016), the key finding of the research highlights that m-health apps are relevant for effective health-related interventions. Unhealthy dietary patterns are a global challenge for young adults in the UK. Unhealthy food habits and nutrition is a global problem. However, telehealth or m-health helps busy young adults to control their unhealthy food intake problems.
In the study by Spring et al., (2018), the key finding of the research shows that telehealth and health-related apps are helpful for browning positive behavior changes. Mobile-based intervention increases the sustainable health-related effects on the person. Technology intervention in nutrition and dietary habits fostering sustainable improvements of the health and well-being of individuals.
Presentation of results/findings (Synthesizing)
Theme 1: Nutrition tracking apps for managing obesity and weight management
As per the notion of Antwi (2023), the big data analytics in the apps provide significant and relevant proof of precision nutrition taking. These are the global perspectives of measuring the health-related aspects and suggesting based on the needs of the indices. The needs of the individuals for these diet charts are not universal. The apps provide suggestions after understanding the intake capacity and current situation of the health. Obese people may face diverse issues like metabolic syndrome including abdominal obesity and high blood pressure. Elevated blood pressure may cause a high risk of life. The study by Rumbo-Rodríguez et al. (2020) shows that obesity has been raised by 3.2% to 10.8% in adult men from the year 1974 to 2014 across the world. Therefore, to minimize the root cause of all these issues digital technologies can be easily accessible. The accessibility of digital platforms can increase user engagement and maintain the issues significantly. Obesity among women can hamper their fertility and menstrual cycle.
As per the views of Yom-Tov et al. (2018), digital technologies prioritize the customisation of health measures. Digital apps are helpful for developing and enhancing measures for better outcomes. The digital ads and tools promote the healthy lifestyle of individuals by addressing unhealthy product promotion. The tools have increased the possibility of cost-effectiveness in competing unhealthy products and their overall promotion. Digital apps and technologies promote the health integration of individuals by accessing the obesity rate and other aspects related to obesity. Digital apps and tools are significant for increasing the positive impact on the health of young adults. Obesity is harmful to the unhealthy lifestyle of people which may risk their lives and may also lead to death. The nutrition intake guided by the apps and tools can enhance healthy dietary habits.
Theme 2: Patients' engagement and online nutrition tools including patterns and duration
As per the views of Blackburne et al. (2016), across the physical activity training session through the virtual course, young adults with obsession problems can focus on their inhibitory control. The inhibitory control refers to the state of suppressing the impulses of the individuals. On the other hand, the inhibitory control provided selective attention to the healthy diet. A healthy diet is needed for managing the weight and taking the percentage of the food on a daily basis. The measurement of protein, fat and vitamins would be significantly proportionate to show that people may lead a healthy routine in managing obesity. The study also denotes the fact that inhibitory control mangled the behavioural changes among the participants. The measurement of changes is possible through the assessment.
As per the ideas of Allman-Farinelli et al. (2016), obesity and weight management have become a global problem among young adults and also for children. However, there are diverse factors like physical inactivity and unhealthy food intake that may cause people to follow dietary plans. The effectiveness intervention provided by the digital health apps and devices. Furthermore, as per the observation of Rumbo-Rodríguez et al. (2020), the rate of obesity across the globe has been increases from and from 6.4% to 14.9% in adult women from 1974 to 2014. These essential activities can increase the interest among the young to follow healthy food habits and focus more on physical activities. However, the study also suggests that the universal solution to obesity which can be easily accessible is using telehealth and technology-aided tools that may increase the awareness among young adults.
Theme 3: Virtual consultation that helps in managing obesity and weight management
The virtual consultation happens using email or video calling features. As per the views of Lugones-Sánchez et al. (2022), the introduction of “EVIDENT 3” serves as an essential tool for providing healthy guidelines for the people who require them. The app has successfully provided guidance and brought positive changes among the macronutrients and the food groups. Specific changes have been brought in the food groups and their food consumption has been modified based on their surrounding aspects. The invention groups have focused on taking low cholesterol-containing food and full-fat-contained dairy food items. The report of “Spanish Population Nutrition Study (ENPE)” shows that the rate of obesity is 21.6% among the people aged 25 to 64 years old (Rumbo-Rodríguez et al., 2020). M-health apps continuously show awareness among individuals so that they will be more conscious before taking those foods. The EVIDENT 3 app has brought changes to the additional food items. Specific changes have been initiated to promote a healthy lifestyle that can reduce extra body fat from people. These changes have been initiated in foods like whole grain cereals and wholemeal bread.
As per the views of Lugones-Sánchez et al. (2022), “EVIDENT 3” has been introduced in the digital market for changing food intake using behaviors. Moreover, The app increases sustainable food consumption behavior that may reduce the overweight of young adults. The macronutrients and food groups using the EVIDENT 3 apps can bring changes in their healthy food consumption patterns. However, after consulting with doctors and nutritionists the women can manage their obesityThe technology-guided tools increase their awareness about obesity and help them to reduce their extra body fat. Moreover, the cost and reliability of digital services are helpful for poor people. The minimization of obesity is significant for promoting a healthy sleep cycle. The study also states that m-health apps and devices can manage behavior. Furthermore, the socioeconomic impact can be a reason for managing obesity based on digital-aided tools and devices.
Theme 4: Wearable devices that help in managing obesity and habit formation
As per the views of Spring et al. (2018), “The Make Better Choices 2” (MBC2) intervention is helpful for increasing the pervasiveness of individuals. These interventions are important for increasing good habits related to health-related behaviors. The improvement in healthy food intake is conducted by consuming vegetables and reducing high-calorie food products. Around 13% of the world population has been affected by obesity which has caused them diverse diseases (Hinchliffe et al. 2022). The improvement in health-related behaviors increases the habit of eating food that is enriched with more fiber. The technology-aided tools and apps play a significant role by inducing sustainable food in taking behavior among individuals. The apps can increase the technological integration that emphasizes healthy food intake habits.
In the market there are several vessels devices that can track the physical activity or inactivity of the individuals. These wearable health trackers help in reducing overweight and provide a sustainable healthy lifestyle. The fitness tracker increases the users to fulfil the goal provided by the paas. The updated and advanced technologies promote regular exercise and provide insights and ideas about the health of individuals. The goals of walking steps and other important aspects are set by the apps and after fulfilling these the people are able to reduce their overweight. As per the views of Duncan et al. (2020), the intervention using mobile apps or digital devices can help individuals to reduce their body weight. Extra body fat should be reduced for managing a healthy lifestyle. The study shows that nutrition intake is important for managing the overall weight of the body. The traditional and digital devices both are helpful for managing the body weight of the participants associated with the style.
Smart scales help the individual in measuring body height and body weight. Using the weight and height the individuals can be able to know about the BMI. However, after maintaining the target and goals provided by the smarts apps they can achieve healthy food-consuming habits and fulfil the issue of managing obesity and weight management. In the UK more than more than a quarter of the population of the population has been affected by obesity (Hinchliffe et al. 2022). Therefore, for the study, it can be asserted that proper diet and regular exercise along with physical activity can increase the capacity to manage society and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Eating healthy and proper food can foster the health and weight management of people. The cost-effective programs are arrested for fostering awareness among the individuals. The individuals can track their BMI, blood pressure and other important aspects. The devices provide information based on the age, gender and weight of the individuals. Furthermore, the devices set the goal of healthy food habits and lifestyle management that can manage the weight and obesity of other people.
Data Interpretation, Discussion and Conclusion
As per the notion of Antwi (2023), there is a high importance of precision nutrition that can help the individual to manage their obesity. On the other hand, obesity can cause diabetes which may significantly harm the body and health of the patient. The easily accessible mobile platforms and digital tools are increasingly showing their capability to deliver significant health interventions that can help to reduce obesity. The study also noted that the biopsychosocial model is suggested for developing precision nutrition intake habits among individuals. The apps prompt the indices or increase their healthy food-taking behaviors.
The study demonstrates that 49% of the people face the variation in their ad preference based on sociodemographic features. Digital apps and devices are significant for increasing the interest of people searching for a healthy lifestyle and weight management. As per the views of Yom-Tov et al. (2018), online ads popped up in between any health-related app increasing user engagement for following healthy tricks. The love people serve in the interest of reducing the extra body fats and by installing the past they can follow the instructions provided in the apps. The advertisement may vary based on the search engines of the individuals. The text highlights the individual's preferences and socio-demographic features. However, based on these socio-demographic features people can reshape their food-taking habits significantly. The online RCTs are significant for managing the cost-effectiveness of public health interventions.
As per the views of Blackburne et al. (2016), the assessment of the healthy eating quiz is significant for prompting people to take intent in adopting healthy food-consuming habits. The wiz encourages the people to take part in the process of managing the physical activities. Furthermore, cognitive restrictions promote the habits of taking nutrition-enriched food and reducing the extra body fat. The inhibitory control training is used for the convenient use of the diet charts. Therefore, all these measures help obese people with extra body fat (Rhee et al. 2020). The contribution of digital-aided tools and apps is inscribed with proper introduction and guidance. The development of healthy food consumption behaviour is shaped by the instruction provided by the virtual consultants.
As per the views of Duncan et al. (2020), the heart rate monitor measures the heartbeat of the individual. After measuring those the apps provided information about the heart rate or pulse rate. Being overweight or obese may cause diverse health-related issues like cardiovascular disease. . on the other hand, obesity among young adults is a serious problem and this may lead to diabetes and respiratory issues. The individual can face problems in inhaling and exhaling the breathing. On the other hand, joint problems and cancers may also occur due to being overweight. Therefore, by following the measures properly and after taking important measures, individuals can manage their obesity. Oversleep may be another important aspect of obesity and by using sleep-tracking devices in the body individuals can fulfill their goal of sleeping patterns.
The study by Allman-Farinelli et al. (2016) also highlights there should be some important low-cost programmes and initiatives that can increase awareness among people about healthy lifestyles. These processes of increasing healthy food habits for reducing sobriety through awareness programmes should be arranged by government and non-government organizations. This particular study highlights that there should be global intervention to spread awareness about the disadvantages of obesity. The awareness programmes would be responsible for increasing healthy and nutritious food intake habits. The relocation will be arranged where the bored anne of audiences would. The particular programmes would be from the group of young adults who will be able to provide proper directions for managing society.
The technology-assisted apps and devices are widely used by young adults as these apps provide the convenience of virtual consultation with the nutritionist and other relevant clinical experts. Young adults should have important sites and follow the measures provided by the online nutritionist that can increase their food habits and manage their obesity problem. As per the views of Lugones-Sánchez et al. (2022), the virtual insulation provides a healthy sleep pattern, eating habits and other daily workouts and physical executives. However, by properly following these instructions people can increase their management of healthy lifestyle management.
Furthermore, these apps are helpful for managing obesity among young adults and provide continuous support to the people who use these technologies. As per the views of Spring et al. (2018), obesity has become a complex problem for people and there are diverse factors that may hamper regular food-consuming habits. The technology-aide tools provide an introduction to food patterns based on the demographic features of the individuals. After analyzing the demographics of the individuals, the apps may provide the targets for food-taking patterns and walking and running steps. There are significant factors that may contribute to the mountains of intervention related to health which can reduce the obesity and overweight of individuals. The proper health-related measures help in maintaining weight and reducing obesity among people (Buckell et al. 2021). These measures can burn the extra body fat and after following the induction the individuals can be able to fowl a healthy lifestyle. The MBC2 intervention increases health.
In conclusion, high-calorie-containing foods are not healthy as they may increase weight and cause obesity among children and young adults in the UK. However, both the MBC2 and MBC1 interventions in the food intake increase the physical activities. The m-health apps set the particular steps that should be run and walked by the individual. After fulfilling the target, the individuals can be able to manage the obesity that has reached a higher level. These virtual consultations are important for obese people as these apps provide personalized nutrition guidance. Personalized nutrition guidance is provided based on the cultural, environmental, geographical and demographic characteristics of the patient. Therefore, the guidelines and measures promote and increase the interest of the users to follow the guidelines for managing obesity and overweight.
Highlighting the strength and limitation of the studies
Strength
This review succeeds in its thorough writing audit, which draws from many sources and viewpoints. The review gives a reasonable gander at how innovation can oversee weight by consolidating discoveries from Asadzadeh and Kalankesh (2021), Janett and Yeracaris (2020), and others. The research foundation is more profound and more solid because of this expansive degree, guaranteeing an intensive comprehension of the subject. Another strength is the unmistakable research objectives and questions, which guide the review. The research interaction is directed by express goals that line up with the review's basic issues. Lucidity keeps up with concentration and cognizance all through the review, further developing exploration plan. PICO structure systemic strength further develops concentrate on accuracy and clearness. The structure sorts out research inquiries by characterizing Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome. The review's unwavering quality is worked on by systemic thoroughness, which guarantees clear exploration questions.
Limitation
The inclusion criteria measures, which limit studies to those distributed after 2016, may introduce a transient inclination with this review. This might disregard significant prior research on the innovation's role in corpulence the executives. Future reviews might incorporate a more extensive worldly reach to decrease inclination. Excluding Wikipedia and sites might present a distribution inclination. Though not academic publications, these sources may offer unique perspectives and real-world insights. A more comprehensive source choice cycle could increase review perspective variety. PICO structure findings are restricted by their focus on young adults. Restricted to these age groups, the review's findings may not make a difference to different populations. A more demographic range reach might be viewed as in future research.
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