Introduction - Managing Type 2 Diabetes: A Guide for Patients
The empowerment in patients having type diabetes is a continuous process in which several factors are associated with knowledge, motivation, and capacity of the patient to control they are disease with the right precautions and treatment. Diabetes or specifically type 2 diabetes can be described as and chronic heterogeneous metabolic disorder which has complex pathogenesis. the problem can be evaluated by an increased level of blood glucose or hyperglycemia that can result in abnormalities in the insulin secretion or its action or can be both. Professional care and approaches to improve the quality of care for a patient having a long-term condition are very much important. Healthcare and medical practitioners have a significant role in caring for diabetic patients by focusing on their education, building a good trusting relationship and providing the patients with emotional and professional support. Good support and advice between patients in things like a blood sugar check-up and adjusting medication is very much important for taking care of patients having type 2 diabetes as a long-term condition. If the condition is not treated long-term diabetes can lead to other microvascular and macrovascular diabetic complications that are mainly responsible for diabetes-related is and mortality (Gædeet al. 2003). The case study will focus on the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and the role of Healthcare Practitioners that helps type 2 diabetic patient based on their pathophysiology and health them to self manage they are condition. Also, it will discuss the long-term conditions related to type 2 diabetes and its evaluation with impact on the quality of Healthcare.
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"Type 2 diabetes" is a chronic and complex disease that affects an estimated 425 million people worldwide (Who.int, 2023). It is characterised by the body’s inability to process glucose properly, resulting in elevated levels of glucose in the blood, known as hyperglycaemia. In addition to this, the body’s inability to produce sufficient insulin or an inability to utilise the insulin it does produce can lead to further complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, retinopathy and neuropathy (Diabetes.org, 2023). The role of the healthcare practitioner in empowering service users and patients to self-manage their condition and promote their health and well-being is essential in enabling individuals with "type 2 diabetes" to optimise their health outcomes. This paper will discuss the aetiology, epidemiology and pathophysiology of "type 2 diabetes", the role of the healthcare practitioner in empowering service users and patients to self-manage and promote their health and well-being, and the individual and wider contextual factors that will determine and affect these outcomes.
Figure 1: The age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes
Overview of Type 2 diabetes
Chronic "type 2 diabetes" is characterised by the body's inability to properly process glucose, which causes elevated blood glucose levels, known as hyperglycaemia. Additional complications like cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, retinopathy, and neuropathy may result from this (Diabetes.org, 2023). With 425 million people worldwide estimated to have "type 2 diabetes", it is one of the most prevalent chronic conditions (Who.int, 2023). Age, family history, obesity, physical inactivity, and certain ethnicities, such as South Asian and African-Caribbean, are all risk factors for "type 2 diabetes" (Nice.org, 2023). A blood test that measures the blood's glucose level is typically used to diagnose "type 2 diabetes". A combination of dietary and lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise and healthy eating, as well as prescription drugs like insulin and metformin, are used to treat "type 2 diabetes".
Symptoms of Type 2 diabetes
“Type 2 diabetes” symptoms typically appear gradually over time, making it challenging to identify them in the early stages. Increased urination and thirst, fatigue, blurred vision, slowly healing wounds, and recurrent infections are typical symptoms (Diabetes.org, 2023). "Type 2 diabetes" can cause serious complications like cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, retinopathy, and neuropathy if it is not treated (Diabetes.org, 2023). It can be stated based on the evidence that, if an individual experience any of these symptoms, it's critical to seek medical attention because prompt detection and care can lower the likelihood of complications.
Diagnosis of type 2
A blood test that measures the blood's glucose level is typically used to diagnose "type 2 diabetes". If the test results suggest that the person might have "type 2 diabetes", they will be referred to a specialist for additional testing and research. An oral glucose tolerance test or a fasting plasma glucose test may be used for this (Nice.org, 2023). To lower the risk of complications, it is crucial to seek medical advice as soon as "type 2 diabetes" symptoms are noticed. An early diagnosis and treatment can do this.
Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes
"Type 2 diabetes" is a chronic condition that is characterised by the body’s inability to properly process glucose, resulting in elevated levels of glucose in the blood, known as hyperglycaemia. This results from either a reduced ability to produce enough insulin or a failure to use the insulin that is produced, a condition known as insulin resistance. "Type 2 diabetes" has a complicated pathophysiology that is still not fully understood (Abdullah et al. 2010). However, a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including diet and lifestyle, are thought to be at play.
Insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired beta cell function, increased hepatic glucose production, reduced peripheral glucose uptake and increased renal glucose reabsorption are just a few of the metabolic abnormalities linked to "type 2 diabetes". These anomalies cause blood glucose levels to rise, which can worsen the cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, retinopathy, and neuropathy, among other complications (Diabetes.org, 2023). Early detection and treatment of "type 2 diabetes" are crucial because they lower the likelihood of complications. Treatment typically includes both medication, such as insulin and metformin, and dietary changes, such as a healthy diet and exercise. Furthermore, it is critical to consider the individual's unique context and situation, as well as the larger socio-political and economic context in which they live, as these can impact an individual's ability to manage their condition and promote their health and well-being.
Role of Healthcare Practitioners to help type 2 diabetes patients based on pathophysiology
For people with "type 2 diabetes" to achieve the best possible health outcomes, the role of the healthcare professional in empowering service users and patients to self-manage their condition and promote their health and well-being is crucial. This may entail giving counsel and instruction on making lifestyle changes, such as improving one's diet and level of physical activity, as well as support and direction on using medications and other treatments. The individual's particular context and situation, as well as the larger sociopolitical and economic context in which they are living, should also be taken into account because these factors may affect the person's capacity to manage their condition and advance their health and well-being.
Nurses are well-positioned to provide individuals living with "type 2 diabetes" with advice, education, and support in order to help them effectively self-manage their condition and optimise their health outcomes. This is accomplished by combining several proven techniques, including a healthy diet, regular exercise, and medication adherence (Diabetes.org, 2023). Additionally, nurses should also take into account any regional or governmental policies that might affect a person's capacity to manage their condition and advance their health and well-being.
Overview of evidence-based summary
The "type 2 diabetes" requires a combination of evidence-based strategies. Healthy eating, regular exercise and meditation compliance are a few of these. A varied intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats should make up a healthy diet. Regular exercise is crucial for maintaining a healthy weight and lowering the risk of complications from "type 2 diabetes" (Zheng, Ley and Hu, 2017). In order to control blood sugar levels and lower the risk of complications, medication adherence is crucial.
Nurses should also take into account any regional or governmental policies that might affect a person's capacity to manage their condition and advance their health and well-being. For instance, policies concerning the availability of healthcare services, the cost of medications and treatments, and the frequency of false information about "type 2 diabetes" can all affect a person's capacity to take control of their condition and improve their health outcomes.
Physical Activity
Physical activity is essential in the management of "type 2 diabetes" because it helps to lower blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity. Type 2 diabetics are advised to engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week, such as walking, cycling, or swimming (Diabetes.org, 2020). A healthcare professional should be consulted before beginning a new physical activity programme, though, as some activities, like weight lifting and contact sports, may not be appropriate for everyone.
Supporting Self-management Consideration of Local and National Policies and its impact on the pathophysiology
Self-management is a critical component of managing "type 2 diabetes" and promoting health and well-being. Healthcare professionals, especially nurses, are in a good position to offer "type 2 diabetes" patients guidance, education, and support so they can effectively self-manage their condition and achieve the best possible health outcomes. In addition to offering support and direction on medications and other treatments, this also entails educating people on lifestyle changes like regular exercise and a healthy diet. The individual's particular context and situation, as well as the larger socio-political and economic context in which they are living, must also be taken into account.
It's also important to take into account any regional or governmental policies that might affect someone's capacity to take control of their health and well-being and manage their condition. These may cover laws governing the accessibility and availability of healthcare services, the cost of medications and other treatments, and the frequency with which "type 2 diabetes" misinformation is spread. Nurses in particular must be aware of any local and federal policies that may have an impact on their practice and the results of their interventions.
Summary
A long-term and complex disease, "type 2 diabetes" is considered to affect 425 million people worldwide. It is characterised by the body's inability to process glucose properly, which leads to higher-than-normal blood glucose levels. For people with "type 2 diabetes" to achieve the best possible health outcomes, the role of the healthcare professional in empowering service users and patients to self-manage their condition and promote their health and well-being is crucial. This entails offering guidance, information, and support on lifestyle changes like regular exercise and a healthy diet, as well as taking into account any local and federal policies that might affect a person's capacity to manage their condition and advance their health and wellbeing.
Self-Management
Self-care strategies
Type 2 diabetes cannot be cured and it is a life-long illness. When someone has this disease, their body’s naturally produced insulin faces problems reaching the muscles and fat cells. The body's glucose level becomes too high when the naturally produced insulin is unable to signal appropriately, causing food-derived sugar to remain in the body (Diabetes.org.uk, 2015). The people diagnosed with this disease mostly put on so much weight, and it changes how the glucose level of the body gets handled which leads to slow growth of type 2 diabetes. In order to reduce the intensity of the disease few self-care strategies can be implemented.
Eating habits: One of the biggest things that help manage this disease is maintaining a healthy diet. The blood sugar level of the body can get excessively high when the person eats food heavy in sugar and carbs. The blood sugar level may increase if the person consumes alcohol or other sugary beverages (House of Commons Health Committee, 2014). A healthful diet might be taught to the person by a nutritionist. The person must ensure that they understand how to consume a balanced protein and fibre-rich meal. They have to eat as much wholesome and natural food as possible.
Managing weight: Maintaining a healthy weight is crucial. If someone lowers their body weight, they may also get to stop their medications. The professionals can advise them on a healthy weight range. If diabetes still gets out of control, weight reduction surgery can also be done.
Regular exercise: exercising regularly has its benefit for people with diabetes. Exercise keeps the blood sugar level in control. It also increases blood circulation in the body and helps in lowering the blood pressure level. In addition to that, it aids in fat burning so the person can maintain a healthy weight (Diabetes.org.uk., 2015). Moreover, exercising lifts the spirits and helps in managing stress. Simple cardio like walking, jogging or cycling for an hour a day can help in keeping the person fit. Another thing that they need to keep in mind is that they need to drink lots of water. Before starting an exercise regimen, the individual needs to consult with their doctor. The healthcare practitioner can assist them in picking a customised and safe workout.
Checking the blood sugar level: Blood sugar level plays a major role in this disease. The person will have to check their blood sugar levels regularly at home. The provider and the person will be able to determine the effectiveness of the medications, food, and exercise from this. To check a blood sugar level one can use a glucose meter (Diabetes.org.uk., 2015). Most people do not need to check the levels more than once or twice a day, but some people may have to check them more often. Checking the blood sugar level ensures to see if that diabetic medicines could lead to a low blood sugar level. It also helps in measuring the insulin dosage amount the affected person needs. Other than that, it helps in making healthy eating and exercise choices to control the blood sugar level.
Medications: The person may be required to take medication if the nutritional diet and physical activity are insufficient. It will support maintaining a healthy range for the blood sugar level of the body. There are numerous diabetes medications available that assist in managing blood sugar in various ways. To control their blood sugar levels most people have to take many medications. One can administer shots or take medications orally (Pharmaceutical services negotiating Committee, 2022). In the case of pregnant women, some diabetic medications might not be safe to take. Therefore, if someone is considering pregnancy, they should talk to their doctor about the medication regimen. When medications are unable in controlling the blood sugar levels in the body, they might have to take insulin. Underneath the subcutaneous injection of insulin is necessary. In most cases, it has been found that administering insulting is simpler than anticipated.
Discover how to minimize long-term diabetes issues: “High blood pressure and high cholesterol” are very likely to be developed in diabetics. To reduce certain diseases the person could be urged to take medications which include:
ARBs or ACE inhibitors are medications used to treat renal or excessive blood pressure, respectively.
A drug is known as a statin to maintain low cholesterol.
Aspirin to maintain a healthy heart.
If the person has built smoking habits, they will have to quit it, as it worsens diabetes.
Visit the physician frequently: As diabetes is an uncurable disease regular care is necessary. When someone is diagnosed with diabetes they should visit their doctor at least once every three months or more frequently if required (Powell, 2023). Talking to the doctor about the necessary vaccines is important.
Importance of self-care education
Identical twin studies have undoubtedly demonstrated the significance of environmental factors, even though genetics have a significant impact on the onset of diabetes. Engaging in one's care has been found to have a significant impact on diabetes patients' ability to slow the growth of their illness over time (Diabetes.org.uk., 2015). This involvement will only be successful if persons with diabetes and their medical experts are knowledgeable of ways to manage the disease successfully. It is expected that individuals with the most knowledge will be able to understand the sickness and have a stronger impact on how it develops and presents problems. "The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists" stresses the significance of patients participating actively and intelligently in their care. "The American Diabetes Association" had assessed the requirements for diabetes self-management education and discovered that those with diabetes who never had formal training in self-care methods saw multiple rises in diabetes-related complications (Papaetis, Papakyriakou and Panagiotou, 2015.). In order to conquer all these problems basic education on how diabetes is being formed and how someone can manage their problems is necessary.
At the time of diagnosis, the doctors need to provide individuals with a theoretical education on type 2 diabetes. They need to inform them that formal education is a crucial component of care (World Health Organization, 2019). Additionally, they must ensure that the teachers in the education materials for people with "type 2 diabetes" get access to the materials they require, the training they require, and the time they require to develop and maintain their skills.
The role of communication
Individuals who have diabetes desire to understand medical experts that they can talk to about any aspect of coping with and treating the disease. Diabetes patients need to be able to converse openly and empathically in order to discuss their psychological and emotional well-being (Imison, 2021). The terminology used by medical experts can have an impact on a person's willingness, self-confidence, self-management abilities, and diabetes outcomes. It may also affect how willing someone is to talk about the challenges of having diabetes. Communication abilities may be learned and developed with practice, just like any other talent, and confidence grows through time. Undoubtedly, engagement and articulation are the most important skills in any medical dialogue. Medical professionals rely on these essential tools to gather information, recognise issues or diagnose illnesses, debate possible treatments, and decide on a course of action (Diabetes.org.uk., 2015). These skills are required whether the issue is psychological or physical.
Being conscious of emotional and mental health is necessary to recognise a person's need for help, which is the most obvious reason. This is true for both the emotional consequences of having diabetes and more widespread psychological issues like despondency and fear (Powell, 2023). Talking with someone about how diabetes impacts their mental health can help them feel heard and "on their side. Healthcare professionals must first engage in a conversation with the individual to ascertain what obstacles they are facing and the best way to help people overcome them in order to be able to assist individuals with diabetes to grow or strengthen their capabilities and commitment to good self-management. This discussion is not common practice, though. Several studies show that individuals with diabetes need assistance with the psychological aspects of their condition (Public Health England, 2018). However, diabetes-related stress is not frequently recognised by medical practitioners. Long-term conditions have a wide range of effects on people's life. The authorities on how a person's condition(s) affects their health and the lifestyles they desire to lead are the person(s) themselves. They are in the best position to comprehend the characteristics of their situations, how different long-term conditions interact with one another if they suffer from more than one, how their conditions affect their mental health, how much support they receive at home and in the community and the effects of more general factors like housing quality.
Although most of the general methods for communicating effectively are useful, they are not always instinctive, just like with any other ability. It takes time and practice to improve communication abilities. The excellent thing is that learning to communicate effectively is a talent. Anyone can master these talents, and society will recognize the difference. It takes time and effort to build new skills, and they are constantly improved (Diabetes.org.uk., 2015). In order to create a management plan that is realistic and reflects the person's life or well-being, the professional must make an effort to grasp the person's priorities, preferences, and daily struggles. In fact, having the talk can make them realise that the person needs more assistance than they can offer, such as from a “mental health or diabetes specialist” or “an endocrinologist”. A secure and encouraging environment can be established, rapport can be established, and the individual can be engaged by employing an honest, compassionate style of communication (Diabetes.org.uk., 2015). This way the patients will also become more confident and it will be easy for them to share the problems they are facing. Excellent consistency of care is based on this.
Local National and Global Drivers
Analysing the local, national and global drivers which impact the quality of care
The Healthcare facility has improved a lot during the past few decades with the improvement of Science and Technology. The death of people with regular diseases has decreased as well as any sudden outbreak of pandemic situations is more in control than ever before. The majority of OECD or “Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development” nations seek to deliver their residents high-quality, cost-effective healthcare (Nagar et al. 2021). The first step should be to make sure that everyone has access to high-quality healthcare and gets the required funding. The next step is to strive for high-quality care, which must be efficient and successful in a number of areas, including safety, punctuality, patient-centeredness, efficacy, and efficiency. A well-thought-out strategy that is constantly being updated is needed to do this because of the multiple factors that have an impact on care quality, the prolonged development times for some of them, and their intricate interactions. The impact of local National and international drivers on the quality of care in the healthcare system is discussed.
Local Drivers -The situation of locality affects the healthcare system as well as Healthcare practitioners a lot. the types of patients and their behaviour towards the system besides whether the treatment would be easy or difficult. Concerns about disparities in the availability of health care in the UK have sparked an increase in research and efforts aimed at fostering greater respect for other cultures, respect for all patients' religious and cultural beliefs, attention to variations in resource availability, and the creation of an environment where diversity is not only acknowledged but welcomed. There are different communities and Groups of people in the UK. Depending on their religions and cultures their rituals differ which is one of the most effective barriers to the current improvement of medical healthcare staff and Healthcare practitioners. Even until the end of the 20th century, most people were fired to go to the hospital about any problems because of some religious beliefs (Nihr.ac.uk, 2023). While considering other aspects, the local economy is to be considered as the participation of patients in Healthcare service why did by hospitals and nursing homes. There are a large number of communities that can't afford the cost of expensive nursing homes. The economy of local people also affects building the infrastructure of the Healthcare system as well. The availability of medical shops and day-night oxygen availability are also great factors. On the other hand, local doctors can treat a local patient more effectively and efficiently than a migrant doctor or patient. An understanding of preferences between the doctor and the patient is required for a good check-up and recovery, especially for non-communal diseases. Education affects the self-care of a patient. So in an educated locality, it gets easier for Healthcare practitioners to treat the patients and make them understand what the actual problem is rather than the underprivileged and less educated communities.
National Drivers - The different laws and regulations by the government of the nation are the main drivers of the Healthcare system. In England, Parliament, the State Secretary for Health, and the Health Department are in charge of enacting laws and setting general policies pertaining to health. The government has been implementing a developing agenda of NHS reforms since 2010. Some came about as a result of the 2012 Act, while others were suggested as a result of independent investigations into widely reported problems in healthcare. The government ordered a number of additional independent reviews into a variety of topics in response to the inquiries, which led to additional recommendations. NHS England is in charge of running the NHS on a daily basis; it is a separate government-funded organisation that is not part of the Department of Health. The organisation images control More than 200 clinics nationwide along with other Health Care organisations (Huang et al. 2015). The infrastructure building for the nationwide Healthcare system solely depends upon the nation and its concern for the people. It is the nation's duty to take care of the people of the nation and the UK is doing this for centuries. But in the last few decades, the increasing number of people making a difficult for the government to control and take care of the Healthcare system and the health of the people of the nation properly. The increasing number of immigrants and other social controlling factors like racism and caste discrimination as well as the different language of people are creating problems between Healthcare practitioners and patients.
Global Drivers - There are various major international drivers that affect the healthcare system. While coming to international affairs, it gets difficult for a nation to control the Healthcare system. International flights bring diseases from different countries. The Nations got an example of this as the pandemic Covid 19. The person who is leaving abroad, in other words, migrants mostly face difficulty in Healthcare as in the situation of illness their family members can not stay by their side. Type 2 diabetes is an international problem. The effective rate in adults are getting increased day by day. Though the disease is not that much mortal, it needs to be treated in proper time with appropriate medicines and proper measures should be maintained to get cured. It was observed that the mortality rate of patients with type 2 diabetes has increased by 3% from 2000 to 2019 (Who.int, 2023). The increasing rate of diabetes patients globally is a point to be concerned about by national leaders. The disease is the root of various other problems which cause trouble with other diseases globally. The possibility of misunderstandings caused by cultural variations in how health care is conceptualised should be taken into account while working cross-culturally. For instance, persons from cultures that prioritise living over dying comfortably and place a higher importance on relationships than identity may conflict with western views about a person's liberty to make judgments regarding their care.
Critically evaluating the relation between long-term conditions and the quality of care
Conventional approaches for evaluating care for the patient having long-term conditions are mainly based on disease-oriented care that can be easily measured. Several models which are used to deliver here should be designed to give the best outcomes that will allow the impact of primary care to fully realise, which is why father research is very much important for revolving the care for patience by Health Care professionals in case of long term conditions like the type 2 diabetes. The true representations of person-driven outcomes of health care will be of patient income process the dimensions of Healthcare and quality care. Diabetic retinopathy is also one of the significant causes that lead to blindness and also results in long-term accumulated damage in the blood vessels in the retina, which leads to about 1 million people being blind (Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 2023). Diabetes is also the leading cause of kidney failure and during the covid-19 pending people who have diabetes have been showing food recovery rates and high mortality rates.
Diabetes makes it hard to control the blood pressure and cholesterol of an individual which lead to heart attack, stroke, and other health-related problem. It can make it harder for the blood to flow legs and feet which can also damage the nerve and harder cause pain and burning sensation along with loss of feeling in that part of the body. This is why it is very important to sick medical help for treating type 2 diabetes. Healthcare professionals please an important role in empowering diabetic patients not only to self-managing their condition but improving their health and well-being in the process of the treatment (Kyrou et al. 2020). They give advice and instruction to the patient for making lifestyle changes by improving their daily lifestyle and die with can support their overall being not only physically but mentally too. Self-management in type 2 diabetes is important because it can improve the condition of the patient by improving their overall health through proper guidance, health education and support from their healthcare provider.
Diabetes specialists can be considered in case of evaluating long-term conditions like type 2 diabetes care and its impact on the quality of Healthcare. They, give their valuables at 5 and usually help the patients suffering from diabetes to run regular blood sugar checks and just the medication through proper advice and guidance (Diabetes.org.uk, 2023). Type 2 Diabetes mellitus accounts for about 90 to 95% of all diabetic cases and it can be characterized by insulin resistance or insulin deficit (Muoio and Newgard, 2008). Insulin resistance can be a result of disruption in several cellular Pathways that lead to decrease response or the decreased sensitivity of the cells in the “peripheral tissue” in the muscular, liver, and adipose tissues. The rule for Healthcare providers in diabetes care can include several activities like health education and prom, providing support to the patient, prescribing and attending to the needs of the patient who is diabetic.
One in every eleven adults are diabetic across the globe and the Healthcare system plays a significant role to help diabetic patient to understand the right health education about diabetes and managing their condition or self-management. The world is facing the form of 19 right now and the shortfall of about 6 million nurses and healthcare providers is questioning the assistance of diabetic patients across the globe. People suffering from diabetes or who have the risk of developing type diabetes can develop the risk of stroke, Heart Attack and kidney failure including blindness and limb amputation can be addressed too (Sun et al. 2022). So, Health Care providers are a vital pillar in supporting people living with a long-term condition like diabetes. Healthcare providers provide their valuable dietary and lifestyle-changing advice to help people who are at risk of developing long-term conditions and people who are with long-term conditions like type diabetes and help them to reduce their risk by raising awareness of the alarming signs and symptom help to ensure a quick diagnosis and treatments.
Conclusion
From the above studies can be concluded that Healthcare practitioners at the vital pillars in supporting patients who have long-term conditions like diabetes and helping them to provide quality care. The cooperation between the health care provider and the patient is built through trust and good communication between them with leads to the individual’s health improvement Diabetes management requires awareness in the case of taking care of the diabetic patient. Keeping blood sugar levels within the range which are prescribed by Healthcare providers can be really challenging but several things can help to maintain it including the proper kindness and health education for self-management of diabetes. Self-care can be one of the important habits that help to manage the diabetes or blood sugar level of the body by managing weight. doing regular exercise, medication, and taking visits to physicians frequently. Self-care thus because significantly important able to understand sickness and its impact on developing problems. The “American Diabetes Association” had assessed the requirement for diabetes self-management education and also discovered that individuals with diabetes with no formal training in self-management have shown increasing trends in their diabetes-related complications. So, it can be concluded that at the time of diagnosis, the doctors or the Healthcare providers need to provide the individual with not only prescriptions but also theoretical education about type 2 diabetes and its complications regarding their health. It can also be concluded that there are three types of drivers who impact the quality of care local, national and global driver. Also, communicating in with the Healthcare provider is important in case of long-term conditions related to health and improving the quality of care for type 2 diabetes. By communicating with the health care provider effectively and individuals can recognise to engage themselves not only in improving their health but also can create a proper management plan for their life and will be. Through, this the individual has long-term conditions not only improve their physical health but also their mental health with the assistance of a “mental health or diabetes specialist or an Endocrinologist”.
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