Vitamin D is a certain category of vitamin that helps regulate phosphate and calcium in the body of a human being. Calcium and phosphates are the main ingredients which are required to maintain the bones, muscles as well as teeth in a proper healthy state. The specific amount of lacking in the amount of Vitamin D in the body leads to a variety of problems, such as the occurrence of bone deformities, as in the case of rickets.
The condition of severe bone pain, which is also known as “osteomalacia,” is also caused due to a lack of Vitamin D in the body of adults. The process by which Vitamin D is created in the body is through the absorption of direct sunlight onto the skin. The other sources from which Vitamin D can be effectively extracted for inclusion in daily life are oily fish, egg yolks, and red meat. The amount of Vitamin D which is required in the meal or diet of a person ranging from a toddler to an adult is approximately 10 micrograms.
The people who are mainly at risk for having Vitamin D deficiency are people who are mainly housebound and do not go outdoors, people living in a care home, and people who wear clothes which cover most parts of their skin when they are outdoors. Vitamin D is mainly associated with the immunity of the body by tempering the process of “damaging inflammatory response” of white blood cells in the body. It is highly associated with the immune cells of the body; it vehemently boosts the production of immune cells in terms of producing microbe-fighting proteins.
Figure 1: Present statistics of people affected by low levels of deficiency in the UK
The present statistics around the globe present the scenario that more than 1 billion are affected by low levels of deficiency. The symptoms which are associated with a deficiency of Vitamin D in a person are body aches. The symptoms are much clearer in the case of babies who are affected by Vitamin D deficiency. The legs of the children who generally suffer from the deficiency are curved and often face muscle weakness. People who are affected by Vitamin D face acute weakness in the heart muscle. Pregnant women are in much more need of Vitamin D while they are carrying a child.
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The lack of Vitamin D can be effectively treated by the means of taking oral supplements which can help the body gain specific immunity against diseases which are generally caused due to deficiency of Vitamin D. Intake of magnesium acts as one of the most important treatment processes which can help in the treatment of diseases which are caused due to deficiency of this certain vitamin. Vitamin D exists in the body in mainly two forms, which are calcidiol and calcitriol. The total number of individuals who are affected by the deficiency of this specific vitamin is quite high, and the topic needs a specific amount of focus from the healthcare sector of various governments to lessen the number of people who are affected by Vitamin D each year.
Scientific Piece – The analgesic effects of Acetyl-L-Carnitine
Introduction
Acetyl-L-Carnitine is essentially a variation of "L-Carnitine". L-Carnitine is an amino acid that is nearly found in every body cell. The presence of L-Carnitine in the body of a living being is highly important in terms of converting "fat into energy”. Acetyl-L-Carnitine is highly responsible for highly increasing the overall activity of different types of nerve cells which are present in the body.
The aim of studying the analgesic effects of Acetyl-L-Carnitine in the human body is to identify the overall extent to which Acetyl-L-Carnitine can prove to be effective in terms of relieving pain in the human body. The objectives, which are associated with the study, are to analyse the impact of the analgesic effect of Acetyl-L-Carnitine as a medication, understand the overall benefits that can be obtained from Acetyl-L-Carnitine in case of nerve pain, and the side effects associated with Acetyl-L-Carnitine.
Acetyl-L-carnitine was also found to increase certain activities of nerve cells in the CNS. Studies show that Acetyl L-carnitine supplements can effectively reduce the effect on body weight, fat mass, and BMI, especially in adults and overweight persons. Acetyl-l-carnitine relieves pain, and improves "vibratory perception" among patients with diabetic neuropathy complications. It acts by reducing various inflammatory factors such as cytokines, IL-6, and TNF-alpha. Certain dosage of carnitine improves the blood flow of the brain in patients with cerebrovascular disorders.
In previous studies, carnitine has shown improvement in curing diseases related to dementia, memory impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. ALC has the ability to stabilize the fluidity of the cell membrane by regulating levels of sphingomyelin and helped in preventing excess degeneration of neurons. It has an excellent ability to bind hippocampal cells with glucocorticoids and "nerve growth factors".
Overview of literature
The main effect of Acetyl-L-Carnitine is that it extends the neuroprotective effect in the cases of patients who are suffering from peripheral neuropathies. Acetyl-L-Carnitine is not only used in the case of “chronic-pain neuropathy” but is also used in several cases which are required for preventing pain in affected patients.
Analgesic effect of Acetyl-L-Carnitine as a medication
Acetyl-L-Carnitine is effective in terms of curing as well as preventing neuropathic pain by creating an antinociceptive effect after the establishment of neuropathic pain [2]. It helps in increasing the “nerve conduction velocity” functionality in the nerves. Acetyl-L-Carnitine helps in the overall reduction of “Sensory neuronal loss” and helps in the promotion of regeneration of nerve cells.
The “Acetyl-L-Carnitine” can be useful in enhancing the overall function of the various “peripheral nerves” that directly help in the nerve regeneration process. However, the analgesic effect related to “Acetyl-L-Carnitine” is that it can help in regulating the neuroplasticity effect all over the neural axis. During the pain process, the nerve conduction is reduced which directly gives rise to the pain sensation [6]. The incorporation of the “Acetyl-L-Carnitine” is useful in reducing the neural loss and thus acts as a medicine in reducing the pain sensation. Based on the various research studies, it can be depicted that “Acetyl-L-Carnitine” is a promising medicine that can be useful in mitigating the “peripheral neuropathies”.
Overall benefits which can be obtained from Acetyl-L-Carnitine
The overall benefit which is associated with the use of Acetyl-L-Carnitine is that it can be used for curing the health conditions which are associated with Alzheimer's disease. The improvement in nerve conduction, which is associated with the effect of Acetyl-L-Carnitine, helps in the alleviation of thinking skills. It is used to treat various symptoms related to depression [3].
Various studies depict the fact that, “Acetyl-L-Carnitine” can be useful in reducing the harmful effects of the “Alzheimer’s disease”. However, this medicine is useful in the reduction of memory loss and thus enhances thinking ability. However, this medicine is a form of the “L-carnitine” that directly converts the fat into the overall energy that can be used by the body. Moreover, it also enhances the activity of the nerve cells and thus improves the function of the “Central nervous system”. From various studies, it can be stated that, “MS-related fatigue” often occurs due to the inflammatory actions of the pain. This pain can be reduced with the addition of the “Acetyl-L-Carnitine” associated supplements within the diet process [7].
Findings and discussion
The results have been associated with the effect of Acetyl-L-Carnitine, which has shown a high amount of reduction in nerve pain in case of patients who suffer from diabetes [5]. The study shows that the possible side effects which are associated with the use of Acetyl-L-Carnitine are that it can bring forth negative health conditions such as upset stomach, vomiting, restlessness, as well as nausea in patients who are treated with the given medication [4]. The other symptoms which are associated with Acetyl-L-Carnitine can lead to conditions where a “Fishy odour” is possible in Urine, breath, and sweat. The statistical report shows that age groups of 19-24 years, and 65+ years are more affected by the low-level deficiency of Vitamin D. The results also tell that females are more affected by the low Vitamin D deficiency.
Low levels of Vitamin D can cause serious health issues like thinning of bones, muscle weakness, malabsorption, improper insulin production, hampering in immune functioning and even leading to chronic diseases like osteoporosis and causing fractures in bones [5]. Vitamin D is an essential factor for resisting various infections and keeping our body functioning properly. It also keeps the nerves healthy. Furthermore, it also enhances the activity of the nerve cells and activates the function of the “Central nervous system”.
Conclusion
It can be concluded from the overall study that Acetyl-L-Carnitine is a highly valuable medication in terms of effectively reducing nerve pain and helping patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease cope with their condition. Though Acetyl-L-Carnitine has a lot of usage in terms of neuropathological disorders, it comes along with a minimal set of risks as well.
References
[1] Mailhot G, White JH. Vitamin D and immunity in infants and children. Nutrients. 2020 Apr 27;12(5):1233.
[2] Di Stefano G, Di Lionardo A, Galosi E, Truini A, Cruccu G. Acetyl-L-carnitine in painful peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review. Journal of pain research. 2019 Apr 26:1341-51.
[3] Rolim LC, da Silva EM, Flumignan RL, Abreu MM, Dib SA. Acetyl?L?carnitine for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019(6).
[4] Paldir E, Eroglu HA. Therapeutic potential of ozone and L-carnitine combined administrations against experimentally-induced acetaminophen. Plant Sci. 2021 Aug 1;31:981-7.
[5] Formaggio F, Rimondini R, Delprete C, Scalia L, Merlo Pich E, Liguori R, Nicoletti F, Caprini M. L-Acetylcarnitine causes analgesia in mice modeling Fabry disease by up-regulating type-2 metabotropic glutamate receptors. Molecular Pain. 2022 Mar 23;18:17448069221087033
[6] Amrein K, Scherkl M, Hoffmann M, Neuwersch-Sommeregger S, Köstenberger M, Tmava Berisha A, Martucci G, Pilz S, Malle O. Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: an update on the current status worldwide. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2020 Nov;74(11):1498-513.
[7]Zhang X, Cui Y, Dong L, Sun M, Zhang Y. The efficacy of combined l?carnitine and l?acetyl carnitine in men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia: A systematic review and meta?analysis. Andrologia. 2020 Mar;52(2):e13470.
[8] Di Stefano G, Di Lionardo A, Galosi E, Truini A, Cruccu G. Acetyl-L-carnitine in painful peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review. Journal of pain research. 2019 Apr 26:1341-51.
